1.1 What is Thymeleaf?

Thymeleaf is a modern server-side Java template engine for both web and standalone environments, capable of processing HTML, XML, JavaScript, CSS and even plain text.

The main goal of Thymeleaf is to provide an elegant and highly-maintainable way of creating templates. To achieve this, it builds on the concept of Natural Templates to inject its logic into template files in a way that doesn’t affect the template from being used as a design prototype. This improves communication of design and bridges the gap between design and development teams.

Thymeleaf has also been designed from the beginning with Web Standards in mind – especially HTML5 – allowing you to create fully validating templates if that is a need for you.

1.2 What kind of templates can Thymeleaf process?

Out-of-the-box, Thymeleaf allows you to process six kinds of templates, each of which is called a Template Mode:

• HTML
• XML
• TEXT
• JAVASCRIPT
• CSS
• RAW

There are two markup template modes (HTML and XML), three textual template modes (TEXT, JAVASCRIPT and CSS) and a no-op template mode (RAW).

The HTML template mode will allow any kind of HTML input, including HTML5, HTML 4 and XHTML. No validation or well-formedness check will be performed, and template code/structure will be respected to the biggest possible extent in output.

The XML template mode will allow XML input. In this case, code is expected to be well-formed – no unclosed tags, no unquoted attributes, etc – and the parser will throw exceptions if well-formedness violations are found. Note that no validation (against a DTD or XML Schema) will be performed.

The TEXT template mode will allow the use of a special syntax for templates of a non-markup nature. Examples of such templates might be text emails or templated documentation. Note that HTML or XML templates can be also processed as TEXT, in which case they will not be parsed as markup, and every tag, DOCTYPE, comment, etc, will be treated as mere text.

The JAVASCRIPT template mode will allow the processing of JavaScript files in a Thymeleaf application. This means being able to use model data inside JavaScript files in the same way it can be done in HTML files, but with JavaScript-specific integrations such as specialized escaping or natural scripting. The JAVASCRIPT template mode is considered a textual mode and therefore uses the same special syntax as the TEXT template mode.

The CSS template mode will allow the processing of CSS files involved in a Thymeleaf application. Similar to the JAVASCRIPT mode, the CSS template mode is also a textual mode and uses the special processing syntax from the TEXT template mode.

The RAW template mode will simply not process templates at all. It is meant to be used for inserting untouched resources (files, URL responses, etc.) into the templates being processed. For example, external, uncontrolled resources in HTML format could be included into application templates, safely knowing that any Thymeleaf code that these resources might include will not be executed.

1.3 Dialects: The Standard Dialect

Thymeleaf is an extremely extensible template engine (in fact it could be called a template engine framework) that allows you to define and customize the way your templates will be processed to a fine level of detail.

An object that applies some logic to a markup artifact (a tag, some text, a comment, or a mere placeholder if templates are not markup) is called a processor, and a set of these processors – plus perhaps some extra artifacts – is what a dialect is normally comprised of. Out of the box, Thymeleaf’s core library provides a dialect called the Standard Dialect, which should be enough for most users.

Note that dialects can actually have no processors and be entirely comprised of other kinds of artifacts, but processors are definitely the most common use case.

This tutorial covers the Standard Dialect. Every attribute and syntax feature you will learn about in the following pages is defined by this dialect, even if that isn’t explicitly mentioned.

Of course, users can create their own dialects (even extending the Standard one) if they want to define their own processing logic while taking advantage of the library’s advanced features. Thymeleaf can also be configured to use several dialects at a time.

The official thymeleaf-spring3 and thymeleaf-spring4 integration packages both define a dialect called the “SpringStandard Dialect”, which is mostly the same as the Standard Dialect, but with small adaptations to make better use of some features in the Spring Framework (for example, by using Spring Expression Language or SpringEL instead of OGNL). So if you are a Spring MVC user you are not wasting your time, as almost everything you learn here will be of use in your Spring applications.

Most of the processors of the Standard Dialect are attribute processors. This allows browsers to correctly display HTML template files even before being processed because they will simply ignore the additional attributes. For example, while a JSP using tag libraries could include a fragment of code not directly displayable by a browser like:

<form:inputText name="userName" value="${user.name}" />

…the Thymeleaf Standard Dialect would allow us to achieve the same functionality with:

<input type="text" name="userName" value="James Carrot" th:value="${user.name}" />

Not only will this be correctly displayed by browsers, but this also allows us to (optionally) specify a value attribute in it (“James Carrot”, in this case) that will be displayed when the prototype is statically opened in a browser, and that will be substituted by the value resulting from the evaluation of ${user.name} during processing of the template.

This helps your designer and developer to work on the very same template file and reduce the effort required to transform a static prototype into a working template file. The ability to do this is a feature called Natural Templating.

2.1 A website for a grocery

To better explain the concepts involved in processing templates with Thymeleaf, this tutorial will use a demo application which you can download from the project’s web site.

This application is the web site of an imaginary virtual grocery, and will provide us with many scenarios to showcase Thymeleaf’s many features.

To start, we need a simple set of model entities for our application: Products which are sold to Customers by creating Orders. We will also be managing Comments about those Products:

Our application will also have a very simple service layer, composed by Service objects containing methods like:

public class ProductService {

    ...

    public List<Product> findAll() {
        return ProductRepository.getInstance().findAll();
    }

    public Product findById(Integer id) {
        return ProductRepository.getInstance().findById(id);
    }
    
}

At the web layer our application will have a filter that will delegate execution to Thymeleaf-enabled commands depending on the request URL:

/*
 * The application object needs to be declared first (implements IWebApplication)
 * In this case, the Jakarta-based version will be used.
 */
public void init(final FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
    this.application =
            JakartaServletWebApplication.buildApplication(
                filterConfig.getServletContext());
    // We will see later how the TemplateEngine object is built and configured
    this.templateEngine = buildTemplateEngine(this.application);
}

/*
 * Each request will be processed by creating an exchange object (modeling
 * the request, its response and all the data needed for this process) and
 * then calling the corresponding controller.
 */
private boolean process(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
        throws ServletException {
    
    try {

        final IWebExchange webExchange = 
            this.application.buildExchange(request, response);
        final IWebRequest webRequest = webExchange.getRequest();

        // This prevents triggering engine executions for resource URLs
        if (request.getRequestURI().startsWith("/css") ||
                request.getRequestURI().startsWith("/images") ||
                request.getRequestURI().startsWith("/favicon")) {
            return false;
        }
        
        /*
         * Query controller/URL mapping and obtain the controller
         * that will process the request. If no controller is available,
         * return false and let other filters/servlets process the request.
         */
        final IGTVGController controller = 
            ControllerMappings.resolveControllerForRequest(webRequest);
        if (controller == null) {
            return false;
        }

        /*
         * Write the response headers
         */
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
        response.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
        response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
        response.setDateHeader("Expires", 0);

        /*
         * Obtain the response writer
         */
        final Writer writer = response.getWriter();

        /*
         * Execute the controller and process view template,
         * writing the results to the response writer. 
         */
        controller.process(webExchange, this.templateEngine, writer);
        
        return true;
        
    } catch (Exception e) {
        try {
            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
        } catch (final IOException ignored) {
            // Just ignore this
        }
        throw new ServletException(e);
    }
    
}

This is our IGTVGController interface:

public interface IGTVGController {

    public void process(
            final IWebExchange webExchange, 
            final ITemplateEngine templateEngine,
            final Writer writer)
            throws Exception;
    
}

All we have to do now is create implementations of the IGTVGController interface, retrieving data from the services and processing templates using the ITemplateEngine object.

In the end, it will look like this:

But first let’s see how that template engine is initialized.

2.2 Creating and configuring the Template Engine

The init(…) method in our filter contained this line:

this.templateEngine = buildTemplateEngine(this.application);

Let’s see now how our org.thymeleaf.TemplateEngine object is initialized:

private static ITemplateEngine buildTemplateEngine(final IWebApplication application) {

    // Templates will be resolved as application (ServletContext) resources
    final WebApplicationTemplateResolver templateResolver = 
            new WebApplicationTemplateResolver(application);

    // HTML is the default mode, but we will set it anyway for better understanding of code
    templateResolver.setTemplateMode(TemplateMode.HTML);
    // This will convert "home" to "/WEB-INF/templates/home.html"
    templateResolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/templates/");
    templateResolver.setSuffix(".html");
    // Set template cache TTL to 1 hour. If not set, entries would live in cache until expelled by LRU
    templateResolver.setCacheTTLMs(Long.valueOf(3600000L));

    // Cache is set to true by default. Set to false if you want templates to
    // be automatically updated when modified.
    templateResolver.setCacheable(true);

    final TemplateEngine templateEngine = new TemplateEngine();
    templateEngine.setTemplateResolver(templateResolver);

    return templateEngine;

}

There are many ways of configuring a TemplateEngine object, but for now these few lines of code will teach us enough about the steps needed.

final WebApplicationTemplateResolver templateResolver = 
        new WebApplicationTemplateResolver(application);

public interface ITemplateResolver {

    ...
  
    /*
     * Templates are resolved by their name (or content) and also (optionally) their 
     * owner template in case we are trying to resolve a fragment for another template.
     * Will return null if template cannot be handled by this template resolver.
     */
    public TemplateResolution resolveTemplate(
            final IEngineConfiguration configuration,
            final String ownerTemplate, final String template,
            final Map<String, Object> templateResolutionAttributes);
}

templateResolver.setTemplateMode(TemplateMode.HTML);

templateResolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/templates/");
templateResolver.setSuffix(".html");

servletContext.getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/templates/product/list.html")

templateResolver.setCacheTTLMs(3600000L);

templateEngine = new TemplateEngine();
templateEngine.setTemplateResolver(templateResolver);

3.1 A multi-language welcome

Our first task will be to create a home page for our grocery site.

The first version of this page will be extremely simple: just a title and a welcome message. This is our /WEB-INF/templates/home.html file:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">

  <head>
    <title>Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</title>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" 
          href="../../css/gtvg.css" th:href="@{/css/gtvg.css}" />
  </head>

  <body>
  
    <p th:text="#{home.welcome}">Welcome to our grocery store!</p>
  
  </body>

</html>

The first thing you will notice is that this file is HTML5 that can be correctly displayed by any browser because it does not include any non-HTML tags (browsers ignore all attributes they don’t understand, like th:text).

But you may also notice that this template is not really a valid HTML5 document, because these non-standard attributes we are using in the th:* form are not allowed by the HTML5 specification. In fact, we are even adding an xmlns:th attribute to our <html> tag, something absolutely non-HTML5-ish:

<html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">

…which has no influence at all in template processing, but works as an incantation that prevents our IDE from complaining about the lack of a namespace definition for all those th:* attributes.

So what if we wanted to make this template HTML5-valid? Easy: switch to Thymeleaf’s data attribute syntax, using the data- prefix for attribute names and hyphen (-) separators instead of semi-colons (:):

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

  <head>
    <title>Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</title>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" 
          href="../../css/gtvg.css" data-th-href="@{/css/gtvg.css}" />
  </head>

  <body>
  
    <p data-th-text="#{home.welcome}">Welcome to our grocery store!</p>
  
  </body>

</html>

Custom data- prefixed attributes are allowed by the HTML5 specification, so, with this code above, our template would be a valid HTML5 document.

Both notations are completely equivalent and interchangeable, but for the sake of simplicity and compactness of the code samples, this tutorial will use the namespace notation (th:*). Also, the th:* notation is more general and allowed in every Thymeleaf template mode (XML, TEXT…) whereas the data- notation is only allowed in HTML mode.

<p th:text="#{home.welcome}">Welcome to our grocery store!</p>

home.welcome=¡Bienvenido a nuestra tienda de comestibles!

public class HomeController implements IGTVGController {

    public void process(
            final IWebExchange webExchange, 
            final ITemplateEngine templateEngine,
            final Writer writer)
            throws Exception {
        
        WebContext ctx = new WebContext(webExchange, webExchange.getLocale());
        
        templateEngine.process("home", ctx, writer);
        
    }

}

public interface IContext {

    public Locale getLocale();
    public boolean containsVariable(final String name);
    public Set<String> getVariableNames();
    public Object getVariable(final String name);
    
}

public interface IWebContext extends IContext {
    
    public IWebExchange getExchange();
    
}

WebContext ctx = new WebContext(webExchange, webExchange.getLocale());

templateEngine.process("home", ctx, writer);

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

  <head>
    <title>Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</title>
    <meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/gtvg/css/gtvg.css" />
  </head>

  <body>
  
    <p>¡Bienvenido a nuestra tienda de comestibles!</p>

  </body>

</html>

3.2 More on texts and variables

home.welcome=Welcome to our <b>fantastic</b> grocery store!

<p>Welcome to our &lt;b&gt;fantastic&lt;/b&gt; grocery store!</p>

<p th:utext="#{home.welcome}">Welcome to our grocery store!</p>

<p>Welcome to our <b>fantastic</b> grocery store!</p>

Welcome to our fantastic grocery store!

Today is: 12 july 2010

public void process(
        final IWebExchange webExchange, 
        final ITemplateEngine templateEngine,
        final Writer writer)
        throws Exception {
        
    SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("dd MMMM yyyy");
    Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();

    WebContext ctx = new WebContext(webExchange, webExchange.getLocale());
    ctx.setVariable("today", dateFormat.format(cal.getTime()));
    
    templateEngine.process("home", ctx, writer);

}

<body>

  <p th:utext="#{home.welcome}">Welcome to our grocery store!</p>

  <p>Today is: <span th:text="${today}">13 February 2011</span></p>
  
</body>

4.1 Messages

As we already know, #{...} message expressions allow us to link this:

<p th:utext="#{home.welcome}">Welcome to our grocery store!</p>

…to this:

home.welcome=¡Bienvenido a nuestra tienda de comestibles!

But there’s one aspect we still haven’t thought of: what happens if the message text is not completely static? What if, for example, our application knew who is the user visiting the site at any moment and we wanted to greet them by name?

<p>¡Bienvenido a nuestra tienda de comestibles, John Apricot!</p>

This means we would need to add a parameter to our message. Just like this:

home.welcome=¡Bienvenido a nuestra tienda de comestibles, {0}!

Parameters are specified according to the java.text.MessageFormat standard syntax, which means you can format to numbers and dates as specified in the API docs for classes in the java.text.* package.

In order to specify a value for our parameter, and given an HTTP session attribute called user, we could have:

<p th:utext="#{home.welcome(${session.user.name})}">
  Welcome to our grocery store, Sebastian Pepper!
</p>

Note that the use of th:utext here means that the formatted message will not be escaped. This example assumes that user.name is already escaped.

Several parameters can be specified, separated by commas.

The message key itself can come from a variable:

<p th:utext="#{${welcomeMsgKey}(${session.user.name})}">
  Welcome to our grocery store, Sebastian Pepper!
</p>

4.2 Variables

We already mentioned that ${...} expressions are in fact OGNL (Object-Graph Navigation Language) expressions executed on the map of variables contained in the context.

For detailed info about OGNL syntax and features, you should read the OGNL Language Guide

In Spring MVC-enabled applications OGNL will be replaced with SpringEL, but its syntax is very similar to that of OGNL (actually, exactly the same for most common cases).

From OGNL’s syntax, we know that the expression in:

<p>Today is: <span th:text="${today}">13 february 2011</span>.</p>

…is in fact equivalent to this:

ctx.getVariable("today");

But OGNL allows us to create quite more powerful expressions, and that’s how this:

<p th:utext="#{home.welcome(${session.user.name})}">
  Welcome to our grocery store, Sebastian Pepper!
</p>

…obtains the user name by executing:

((User) ctx.getVariable("session").get("user")).getName();

But getter method navigation is just one of OGNL’s features. Let’s see some more:

/*
 * Access to properties using the point (.). Equivalent to calling property getters.
 */
${person.father.name}

/*
 * Access to properties can also be made by using brackets ([]) and writing 
 * the name of the property as a variable or between single quotes.
 */
${person['father']['name']}

/*
 * If the object is a map, both dot and bracket syntax will be equivalent to 
 * executing a call on its get(...) method.
 */
${countriesByCode.ES}
${personsByName['Stephen Zucchini'].age}

/*
 * Indexed access to arrays or collections is also performed with brackets, 
 * writing the index without quotes.
 */
${personsArray[0].name}

/*
 * Methods can be called, even with arguments.
 */
${person.createCompleteName()}
${person.createCompleteNameWithSeparator('-')}

Established locale country: <span th:text="${#locale.country}">US</span>.

SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("dd MMMM yyyy");
Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();

WebContext ctx = new WebContext(webExchange, webExchange.getLocale());
ctx.setVariable("today", dateFormat.format(cal.getTime()));

templateEngine.process("home", ctx, writer);

WebContext ctx = new WebContext(webExchange, webExchange.getLocale());
ctx.setVariable("today", Calendar.getInstance());

templateEngine.process("home", ctx, writer);

<p>
  Today is: <span th:text="${#calendars.format(today,'dd MMMM yyyy')}">13 May 2011</span>
</p>

4.3 Expressions on selections (asterisk syntax)

Not only can variable expressions be written as ${...}, but also as *{...}.

There is an important difference though: the asterisk syntax evaluates expressions on selected objects rather than on the whole context. That is, as long as there is no selected object, the dollar and the asterisk syntaxes do exactly the same.

And what is a selected object? The result of an expression using the th:object attribute. Let’s use one in our user profile (userprofile.html) page:

  <div th:object="${session.user}">
    <p>Name: <span th:text="*{firstName}">Sebastian</span>.</p>
    <p>Surname: <span th:text="*{lastName}">Pepper</span>.</p>
    <p>Nationality: <span th:text="*{nationality}">Saturn</span>.</p>
  </div>

Which is exactly equivalent to:

<div>
  <p>Name: <span th:text="${session.user.firstName}">Sebastian</span>.</p>
  <p>Surname: <span th:text="${session.user.lastName}">Pepper</span>.</p>
  <p>Nationality: <span th:text="${session.user.nationality}">Saturn</span>.</p>
</div>

Of course, dollar and asterisk syntax can be mixed:

<div th:object="${session.user}">
  <p>Name: <span th:text="*{firstName}">Sebastian</span>.</p>
  <p>Surname: <span th:text="${session.user.lastName}">Pepper</span>.</p>
  <p>Nationality: <span th:text="*{nationality}">Saturn</span>.</p>
</div>

When an object selection is in place, the selected object will also be available to dollar expressions as the #object expression variable:

<div th:object="${session.user}">
  <p>Name: <span th:text="${#object.firstName}">Sebastian</span>.</p>
  <p>Surname: <span th:text="${session.user.lastName}">Pepper</span>.</p>
  <p>Nationality: <span th:text="*{nationality}">Saturn</span>.</p>
</div>

As said, if no object selection has been performed, dollar and asterisk syntaxes are equivalent.

<div>
  <p>Name: <span th:text="*{session.user.name}">Sebastian</span>.</p>
  <p>Surname: <span th:text="*{session.user.surname}">Pepper</span>.</p>
  <p>Nationality: <span th:text="*{session.user.nationality}">Saturn</span>.</p>
</div>

4.4 Link URLs

Because of their importance, URLs are first-class citizens in web application templates, and the Thymeleaf Standard Dialect has a special syntax for them, the @ syntax: @{...}

There are different types of URLs:

• Absolute URLs: http://www.thymeleaf.org
• Relative URLs, which can be:
  • Page-relative: user/login.html
  • Context-relative: /itemdetails?id=3 (context name in server will be added automatically)
  • Server-relative: ~/billing/processInvoice (allows calling URLs in another context (= application) in the same server.
  • Protocol-relative URLs: //code.jquery.com/jquery-2.0.3.min.js

The real processing of these expressions and their conversion to the URLs that will be output is done by implementations of the org.thymeleaf.linkbuilder.ILinkBuilder interface that are registered into the ITemplateEngine object being used.

By default, a single implementation of this interface is registered of the class org.thymeleaf.linkbuilder.StandardLinkBuilder, which is enough for both offline (non-web) and also web scenarios based on the Servlet API. Other scenarios (like integration with non-ServletAPI web frameworks) might need specific implementations of the link builder interface.

Let’s use this new syntax. Meet the th:href attribute:

<!-- Will produce 'http://localhost:8080/gtvg/order/details?orderId=3' (plus rewriting) -->
<a href="details.html" 
   th:href="@{http://localhost:8080/gtvg/order/details(orderId=${o.id})}">view</a>

<!-- Will produce '/gtvg/order/details?orderId=3' (plus rewriting) -->
<a href="details.html" th:href="@{/order/details(orderId=${o.id})}">view</a>

<!-- Will produce '/gtvg/order/3/details' (plus rewriting) -->
<a href="details.html" th:href="@{/order/{orderId}/details(orderId=${o.id})}">view</a>

Some things to note here:

• th:href is a modifier attribute: once processed, it will compute the link URL to be used and set that value to the href attribute of the <a> tag.
• We are allowed to use expressions for URL parameters (as you can see in orderId=${o.id}). The required URL-parameter-encoding operations will also be automatically performed.
• If several parameters are needed, these will be separated by commas: @{/order/process(execId=${execId},execType='FAST')}
• Variable templates are also allowed in URL paths: @{/order/{orderId}/details(orderId=${orderId})}
• Relative URLs starting with / (eg: /order/details) will be automatically prefixed by the application context name.
• If cookies are not enabled or this is not yet known, a ";jsessionid=..." suffix might be added to relative URLs so that the session is preserved. This is called URL Rewriting and Thymeleaf allows you to plug in your own rewriting filters by using the response.encodeURL(...) mechanism from the Servlet API for every URL.
• The th:href attribute allows us to (optionally) have a working static href attribute in our template, so that our template links remained navigable by a browser when opened directly for prototyping purposes.

As was the case with the message syntax (#{...}), URL bases can also be the result of evaluating another expression:

<a th:href="@{${url}(orderId=${o.id})}">view</a>
<a th:href="@{'/details/'+${user.login}(orderId=${o.id})}">view</a>

<p>Please select an option</p>
<ol>
  <li><a href="product/list.html" th:href="@{/product/list}">Product List</a></li>
  <li><a href="order/list.html" th:href="@{/order/list}">Order List</a></li>
  <li><a href="subscribe.html" th:href="@{/subscribe}">Subscribe to our Newsletter</a></li>
  <li><a href="userprofile.html" th:href="@{/userprofile}">See User Profile</a></li>
</ol>

4.5 Fragments

Fragment expressions are an easy way to represent fragments of markup and move them around templates. This allows us to replicate them, pass them to other templates as arguments, and so on.

The most common use is for fragment insertion using th:insert or th:replace (more on these in a later section):

<div th:insert="~{commons :: main}">...</div>

But they can be used anywhere, just as any other variable:

<div th:with="frag=~{footer :: #main/text()}">
  <p th:insert="${frag}">
</div>

Later in this tutorial there is an entire section devoted to Template Layout, including deeper explanation of fragment expressions.

4.6 Literals

<p>
  Now you are looking at a <span th:text="'working web application'">template file</span>.
</p>

<p>The year is <span th:text="2013">1492</span>.</p>
<p>In two years, it will be <span th:text="2013 + 2">1494</span>.</p>

<div th:if="${user.isAdmin()} == false"> ...

<div th:if="${user.isAdmin() == false}"> ...

<div th:if="${variable.something} == null"> ...

<div th:class="content">...</div>

<div th:class="'content'">...</div>

4.7 Appending texts

Texts, no matter whether they are literals or the result of evaluating variable or message expressions, can be easily appended using the + operator:

<span th:text="'The name of the user is ' + ${user.name}">

4.8 Literal substitutions

Literal substitutions allow for an easy formatting of strings containing values from variables without the need to append literals with '...' + '...'.

These substitutions must be surrounded by vertical bars (|), like:

<span th:text="|Welcome to our application, ${user.name}!|">

Which is equivalent to:

<span th:text="'Welcome to our application, ' + ${user.name} + '!'">

Literal substitutions can be combined with other types of expressions:

<span th:text="${onevar} + ' ' + |${twovar}, ${threevar}|">

Only variable/message expressions (${...}, *{...}, #{...}) are allowed inside |...| literal substitutions. No other literals ('...'), boolean/numeric tokens, conditional expressions etc. are.

4.9 Arithmetic operations

Some arithmetic operations are also available: +, -, *, / and %.

<div th:with="isEven=(${prodStat.count} % 2 == 0)">

Note that these operators can also be applied inside OGNL variable expressions themselves (and in that case will be executed by OGNL instead of the Thymeleaf Standard Expression engine):

<div th:with="isEven=${prodStat.count % 2 == 0}">

Note that textual aliases exist for some of these operators: div (/), mod (%).

4.10 Comparators and Equality

Values in expressions can be compared with the >, <, >= and <= symbols, and the == and != operators can be used to check for equality (or the lack of it). Note that XML establishes that the < and > symbols should not be used in attribute values, and so they should be substituted by < and >.

<div th:if="${prodStat.count} &gt; 1">
<span th:text="'Execution mode is ' + ( (${execMode} == 'dev')? 'Development' : 'Production')">

A simpler alternative may be using textual aliases that exist for some of these operators: gt (>), lt (<), ge (>=), le (<=), not (!). Also eq (==), neq/ne (!=).

4.11 Conditional expressions

Conditional expressions are meant to evaluate only one of two expressions depending on the result of evaluating a condition (which is itself another expression).

Let’s have a look at an example fragment (introducing another attribute modifier, th:class):

<tr th:class="${row.even}? 'even' : 'odd'">
  ...
</tr>

All three parts of a conditional expression (condition, then and else) are themselves expressions, which means that they can be variables (${...}, *{...}), messages (#{...}), URLs (@{...}) or literals ('...').

Conditional expressions can also be nested using parentheses:

<tr th:class="${row.even}? (${row.first}? 'first' : 'even') : 'odd'">
  ...
</tr>

Else expressions can also be omitted, in which case a null value is returned if the condition is false:

<tr th:class="${row.even}? 'alt'">
  ...
</tr>

4.12 Default expressions (Elvis operator)

A default expression is a special kind of conditional value without a then part. It is equivalent to the Elvis operator present in some languages like Groovy, lets you specify two expressions: the first one is used if it doesn’t evaluate to null, but if it does then the second one is used.

Let’s see it in action in our user profile page:

<div th:object="${session.user}">
  ...
  <p>Age: <span th:text="*{age}?: '(no age specified)'">27</span>.</p>
</div>

As you can see, the operator is ?:, and we use it here to specify a default value for a name (a literal value, in this case) only if the result of evaluating *{age} is null. This is therefore equivalent to:

<p>Age: <span th:text="*{age != null}? *{age} : '(no age specified)'">27</span>.</p>

As with conditional values, they can contain nested expressions between parentheses:

<p>
  Name: 
  <span th:text="*{firstName}?: (*{admin}? 'Admin' : #{default.username})">Sebastian</span>
</p>

4.13 The No-Operation token

The No-Operation token is represented by an underscore symbol (_).

The idea behind this token is to specify that the desired result for an expression is to do nothing, i.e. do exactly as if the processable attribute (e.g. th:text) was not there at all.

Among other possibilities, this allows developers to use prototyping text as default values. For example, instead of:

<span th:text="${user.name} ?: 'no user authenticated'">...</span>

…we can directly use ‘no user authenticated’ as a prototyping text, which results in code that is both more concise and versatile from a design standpoint:

<span th:text="${user.name} ?: _">no user authenticated</span>

4.14 Data Conversion / Formatting

Thymeleaf defines a double-brace syntax for variable (${...}) and selection (*{...}) expressions that allows us to apply data conversion by means of a configured conversion service.

It basically goes like this:

<td th:text="${{user.lastAccessDate}}">...</td>

Noticed the double brace there?: ${{...}}. That instructs Thymeleaf to pass the result of the user.lastAccessDate expression to the conversion service and asks it to perform a formatting operation (a conversion to String) before writing the result.

Assuming that user.lastAccessDate is of type java.util.Calendar, if a conversion service (implementation of IStandardConversionService) has been registered and contains a valid conversion for Calendar -> String, it will be applied.

The default implementation of IStandardConversionService (the StandardConversionService class) simply executes .toString() on any object converted to String. For more information on how to register a custom conversion service implementation, have a look at the More on Configuration section.

The official thymeleaf-spring3 and thymeleaf-spring4 integration packages transparently integrate Thymeleaf’s conversion service mechanism with Spring’s own Conversion Service infrastructure, so that conversion services and formatters declared in the Spring configuration will be made automatically available to ${{...}} and *{{...}} expressions.

4.15 Preprocessing

In addition to all these features for expression processing, Thymeleaf has the feature of preprocessing expressions.

Preprocessing is an execution of the expressions done before the normal one that allows for modification of the expression that will eventually be executed.

Preprocessed expressions are exactly like normal ones, but appear surrounded by a double underscore symbol (like __${expression}__).

Let’s imagine we have an i18n Messages_fr.properties entry containing an OGNL expression calling a language-specific static method, like:

article.text=@myapp.translator.Translator@translateToFrench({0})

…and a Messages_es.properties equivalent:

article.text=@myapp.translator.Translator@translateToSpanish({0})

We can create a fragment of markup that evaluates one expression or the other depending on the locale. For this, we will first select the expression (by preprocessing) and then let Thymeleaf execute it:

<p th:text="${__#{article.text('textVar')}__}">Some text here...</p>

Note that the preprocessing step for a French locale will be creating the following equivalent:

<p th:text="${@myapp.translator.Translator@translateToFrench(textVar)}">Some text here...</p>

The preprocessing String __ can be escaped in attributes using \_\_.

5.1 Setting the value of any attribute

Say our website publishes a newsletter, and we want our users to be able to subscribe to it, so we create a /WEB-INF/templates/subscribe.html template with a form:

<form action="subscribe.html">
  <fieldset>
    <input type="text" name="email" />
    <input type="submit" value="Subscribe!" />
  </fieldset>
</form>

As with Thymeleaf, this template starts off more like a static prototype than it does a template for a web application. First, the action attribute in our form statically links to the template file itself, so that there is no place for useful URL rewriting. Second, the value attribute in the submit button makes it display a text in English, but we’d like it to be internationalized.

Enter then the th:attr attribute, and its ability to change the value of attributes of the tags it is set in:

<form action="subscribe.html" th:attr="action=@{/subscribe}">
  <fieldset>
    <input type="text" name="email" />
    <input type="submit" value="Subscribe!" th:attr="value=#{subscribe.submit}"/>
  </fieldset>
</form>

The concept is quite straightforward: th:attr simply takes an expression that assigns a value to an attribute. Having created the corresponding controller and messages files, the result of processing this file will be:

<form action="/gtvg/subscribe">
  <fieldset>
    <input type="text" name="email" />
    <input type="submit" value="¡Suscríbe!"/>
  </fieldset>
</form>

Besides the new attribute values, you can also see that the application context name has been automatically prefixed to the URL base in /gtvg/subscribe, as explained in the previous chapter.

But what if we wanted to set more than one attribute at a time? XML rules do not allow you to set an attribute twice in a tag, so th:attr will take a comma-separated list of assignments, like:

<img src="../../images/gtvglogo.png" 
     th:attr="src=@{/images/gtvglogo.png},title=#{logo},alt=#{logo}" />

Given the required messages files, this will output:

<img src="/gtgv/images/gtvglogo.png" title="Logo de Good Thymes" alt="Logo de Good Thymes" />

5.2 Setting value to specific attributes

By now, you might be thinking that something like:

<input type="submit" value="Subscribe!" th:attr="value=#{subscribe.submit}"/>

…is quite an ugly piece of markup. Specifying an assignment inside an attribute’s value can be very practical, but it is not the most elegant way of creating templates if you have to do it all the time.

Thymeleaf agrees with you, and that’s why th:attr is scarcely used in templates. Normally, you will be using other th:* attributes whose task is setting specific tag attributes (and not just any attribute like th:attr).

For example, to set the value attribute, use th:value:

<input type="submit" value="Subscribe!" th:value="#{subscribe.submit}"/>

This looks much better! Let’s try and do the same to the action attribute in the form tag:

<form action="subscribe.html" th:action="@{/subscribe}">

And do you remember those th:href we put in our home.html before? They are exactly this same kind of attributes:

<li><a href="product/list.html" th:href="@{/product/list}">Product List</a></li>

There are quite a lot of attributes like these, each of them targeting a specific HTML5 attribute:

5.3 Setting more than one value at a time

There are two rather special attributes called th:alt-title and th:lang-xmllang which can be used for setting two attributes to the same value at the same time. Specifically:

• th:alt-title will set alt and title.
• th:lang-xmllang will set lang and xml:lang.

For our GTVG home page, this will allow us to substitute this:

<img src="../../images/gtvglogo.png" 
     th:attr="src=@{/images/gtvglogo.png},title=#{logo},alt=#{logo}" />

…or this, which is equivalent:

<img src="../../images/gtvglogo.png" 
     th:src="@{/images/gtvglogo.png}" th:title="#{logo}" th:alt="#{logo}" />

…with this:

<img src="../../images/gtvglogo.png" 
     th:src="@{/images/gtvglogo.png}" th:alt-title="#{logo}" />

5.4 Appending and prepending

Thymeleaf also offers the th:attrappend and th:attrprepend attributes, which append (suffix) or prepend (prefix) the result of their evaluation to the existing attribute values.

For example, you might want to store the name of a CSS class to be added (not set, just added) to one of your buttons in a context variable, because the specific CSS class to be used would depend on something that the user did before:

<input type="button" value="Do it!" class="btn" th:attrappend="class=${' ' + cssStyle}" />

If you process this template with the cssStyle variable set to "warning", you will get:

<input type="button" value="Do it!" class="btn warning" />

There are also two specific appending attributes in the Standard Dialect: the th:classappend and th:styleappend attributes, which are used for adding a CSS class or a fragment of style to an element without overwriting the existing ones:

<tr th:each="prod : ${prods}" class="row" th:classappend="${prodStat.odd}? 'odd'">

(Don’t worry about that th:each attribute. It is an iterating attribute and we will talk about it later.)

5.5 Fixed-value boolean attributes

HTML has the concept of boolean attributes, attributes that have no value and the presence of one means that value is “true”. In XHTML, these attributes take just 1 value, which is itself.

For example, checked:

<input type="checkbox" name="option2" checked /> <!-- HTML -->
<input type="checkbox" name="option1" checked="checked" /> <!-- XHTML -->

The Standard Dialect includes attributes that allow you to set these attributes by evaluating a condition, so that if evaluated to true, the attribute will be set to its fixed value, and if evaluated to false, the attribute will not be set:

<input type="checkbox" name="active" th:checked="${user.active}" />

The following fixed-value boolean attributes exist in the Standard Dialect:

5.6 Setting the value of any attribute (default attribute processor)

Thymeleaf offers a default attribute processor that allows us to set the value of any attribute, even if no specific th:* processor has been defined for it at the Standard Dialect.

So something like:

<span th:whatever="${user.name}">...</span>

Will result in:

<span whatever="John Apricot">...</span>

5.7 Support for HTML5-friendly attribute and element names

It is also possible to use a completely different syntax to apply processors to your templates in a more HTML5-friendly manner.

<table>
    <tr data-th-each="user : ${users}">
        <td data-th-text="${user.login}">...</td>
        <td data-th-text="${user.name}">...</td>
    </tr>
</table>

The data-{prefix}-{name} syntax is the standard way to write custom attributes in HTML5, without requiring developers to use any namespaced names like th:*. Thymeleaf makes this syntax automatically available to all your dialects (not only the Standard ones).

There is also a syntax to specify custom tags: {prefix}-{name}, which follows the W3C Custom Elements specification (a part of the larger W3C Web Components spec). This can be used, for example, for the th:block element (or also th-block), which will be explained in a later section.

Important: this syntax is an addition to the namespaced th:* one, it does not replace it. There is no intention at all to deprecate the namespaced syntax in the future.

6.1 Iteration basics

To display products in our /WEB-INF/templates/product/list.html page we will use a table. Each of our products will be displayed in a row (a <tr> element), and so for our template we will need to create a template row – one that will exemplify how we want each product to be displayed – and then instruct Thymeleaf to repeat it, once for each product.

The Standard Dialect offers us an attribute for exactly that: th:each.

public void process(
        final IWebExchange webExchange, 
        final ITemplateEngine templateEngine, 
        final Writer writer)
        throws Exception {
    
    final ProductService productService = new ProductService();
    final List<Product> allProducts = productService.findAll();
    
    final WebContext ctx = new WebContext(webExchange, webExchange.getLocale());
    ctx.setVariable("prods", allProducts);
    
    templateEngine.process("product/list", ctx, writer);
    
}

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">

  <head>
    <title>Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</title>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" 
          href="../../../css/gtvg.css" th:href="@{/css/gtvg.css}" />
  </head>

  <body>

    <h1>Product list</h1>
  
    <table>
      <tr>
        <th>NAME</th>
        <th>PRICE</th>
        <th>IN STOCK</th>
      </tr>
      <tr th:each="prod : ${prods}">
        <td th:text="${prod.name}">Onions</td>
        <td th:text="${prod.price}">2.41</td>
        <td th:text="${prod.inStock}? #{true} : #{false}">yes</td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  
    <p>
      <a href="../home.html" th:href="@{/}">Return to home</a>
    </p>

  </body>

</html>

6.2 Keeping iteration status

When using th:each, Thymeleaf offers a mechanism useful for keeping track of the status of your iteration: the status variable.

Status variables are defined within a th:each attribute and contain the following data:

• The current iteration index, starting with 0. This is the index property.
• The current iteration index, starting with 1. This is the count property.
• The total amount of elements in the iterated variable. This is the size property.
• The iter variable for each iteration. This is the current property.
• Whether the current iteration is even or odd. These are the even/odd boolean properties.
• Whether the current iteration is the first one. This is the first boolean property.
• Whether the current iteration is the last one. This is the last boolean property.

Let’s see how we could use it with the previous example:

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME</th>
    <th>PRICE</th>
    <th>IN STOCK</th>
  </tr>
  <tr th:each="prod,iterStat : ${prods}" th:class="${iterStat.odd}? 'odd'">
    <td th:text="${prod.name}">Onions</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.price}">2.41</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.inStock}? #{true} : #{false}">yes</td>
  </tr>
</table>

The status variable (iterStat in this example) is defined in the th:each attribute by writing its name after the iter variable itself, separated by a comma. Just like the iter variable, the status variable is also scoped to the fragment of code defined by the tag holding the th:each attribute.

Let’s have a look at the result of processing our template:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

  <head>
    <title>Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</title>
    <meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/gtvg/css/gtvg.css" />
  </head>

  <body>

    <h1>Product list</h1>
  
    <table>
      <tr>
        <th>NAME</th>
        <th>PRICE</th>
        <th>IN STOCK</th>
      </tr>
      <tr class="odd">
        <td>Fresh Sweet Basil</td>
        <td>4.99</td>
        <td>yes</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>Italian Tomato</td>
        <td>1.25</td>
        <td>no</td>
      </tr>
      <tr class="odd">
        <td>Yellow Bell Pepper</td>
        <td>2.50</td>
        <td>yes</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>Old Cheddar</td>
        <td>18.75</td>
        <td>yes</td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  
    <p>
      <a href="/gtvg/" shape="rect">Return to home</a>
    </p>

  </body>
  
</html>

Note that our iteration status variable has worked perfectly, establishing the odd CSS class only to odd rows.

If you don’t explicitly set a status variable, Thymeleaf will always create one for you by suffixing Stat to the name of the iteration variable:

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME</th>
    <th>PRICE</th>
    <th>IN STOCK</th>
  </tr>
  <tr th:each="prod : ${prods}" th:class="${prodStat.odd}? 'odd'">
    <td th:text="${prod.name}">Onions</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.price}">2.41</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.inStock}? #{true} : #{false}">yes</td>
  </tr>
</table>

6.3 Optimizing through lazy retrieval of data

Sometimes we might want to optimize the retrieval of collections of data (e.g. from a database) so that these collections are only retrieved if they are really going to be used.

Actually, this is something that can be applied to any piece of data, but given the size that in-memory collections might have, retrieving collections that are meant to be iterated is the most common case for this scenario.

In order to support this, Thymeleaf offers a mechanism to lazily load context variables. Context variables that implement the ILazyContextVariable interface – most probably by extending its LazyContextVariable default implementation – will be resolved in the moment of being executed. For example:

context.setVariable(
     "users",
     new LazyContextVariable<List<User>>() {
         @Override
         protected List<User> loadValue() {
             return databaseRepository.findAllUsers();
         }
     });

This variable can be used without knowledge of its laziness, in code such as:

<ul>
  <li th:each="u : ${users}" th:text="${u.name}">user name</li>
</ul>

But at the same time, will never be initialized (its loadValue() method will never be called) if condition evaluates to false in code such as:

<ul th:if="${condition}">
  <li th:each="u : ${users}" th:text="${u.name}">user name</li>
</ul>

7.1 Simple conditionals: “if” and “unless”

Sometimes you will need a fragment of your template to only appear in the result if a certain condition is met.

For example, imagine we want to show in our product table a column with the number of comments that exist for each product and, if there are any comments, a link to the comment detail page for that product.

In order to do this, we would use the th:if attribute:

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME</th>
    <th>PRICE</th>
    <th>IN STOCK</th>
    <th>COMMENTS</th>
  </tr>
  <tr th:each="prod : ${prods}" th:class="${prodStat.odd}? 'odd'">
    <td th:text="${prod.name}">Onions</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.price}">2.41</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.inStock}? #{true} : #{false}">yes</td>
    <td>
      <span th:text="${#lists.size(prod.comments)}">2</span> comment/s
      <a href="comments.html" 
         th:href="@{/product/comments(prodId=${prod.id})}" 
         th:if="${not #lists.isEmpty(prod.comments)}">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

Quite a lot of things to see here, so let’s focus on the important line:

<a href="comments.html"
   th:href="@{/product/comments(prodId=${prod.id})}" 
   th:if="${not #lists.isEmpty(prod.comments)}">view</a>

This will create a link to the comments page (with URL /product/comments) with a prodId parameter set to the id of the product, but only if the product has any comments.

Let’s have a look at the resulting markup:

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME</th>
    <th>PRICE</th>
    <th>IN STOCK</th>
    <th>COMMENTS</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Fresh Sweet Basil</td>
    <td>4.99</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>0</span> comment/s
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="odd">
    <td>Italian Tomato</td>
    <td>1.25</td>
    <td>no</td>
    <td>
      <span>2</span> comment/s
      <a href="/gtvg/product/comments?prodId=2">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Yellow Bell Pepper</td>
    <td>2.50</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>0</span> comment/s
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="odd">
    <td>Old Cheddar</td>
    <td>18.75</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>1</span> comment/s
      <a href="/gtvg/product/comments?prodId=4">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

Perfect! That’s exactly what we wanted.

Note that the th:if attribute will not only evaluate boolean conditions. Its capabilities go a little beyond that, and it will evaluate the specified expression as true following these rules:

• If value is not null:
  • If value is a boolean and is true.
  • If value is a number and is non-zero
  • If value is a character and is non-zero
  • If value is a String and is not “false”, “off” or “no”
  • If value is not a boolean, a number, a character or a String.
• (If value is null, th:if will evaluate to false).

Also, th:if has an inverse attribute, th:unless, which we could have used in the previous example instead of using a not inside the OGNL expression:

<a href="comments.html"
   th:href="@{/comments(prodId=${prod.id})}" 
   th:unless="${#lists.isEmpty(prod.comments)}">view</a>

7.2 Switch statements

There is also a way to display content conditionally using the equivalent of a switch structure in Java: the th:switch / th:case attribute set.

<div th:switch="${user.role}">
  <p th:case="'admin'">User is an administrator</p>
  <p th:case="#{roles.manager}">User is a manager</p>
</div>

Note that as soon as one th:case attribute is evaluated as true, every other th:case attribute in the same switch context is evaluated as false.

The default option is specified as th:case="*":

<div th:switch="${user.role}">
  <p th:case="'admin'">User is an administrator</p>
  <p th:case="#{roles.manager}">User is a manager</p>
  <p th:case="*">User is some other thing</p>
</div>

8.1 Including template fragments

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">

  <body>
  
    <div th:fragment="copy">
      &copy; 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
    </div>
  
  </body>
  
</html>

<body>

  ...

  <div th:insert="~{footer :: copy}"></div>
  
</body>

<div th:insert="~{ footer :: (${user.isAdmin}? #{footer.admin} : #{footer.normaluser}) }"></div>

...
<div id="copy-section">
  &copy; 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
</div>
...

<body>

  ...

  <div th:insert="~{footer :: #copy-section}"></div>
  
</body>

<footer th:fragment="copy">
  &copy; 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
</footer>

<body>

  ...

  <div th:insert="~{footer :: copy}"></div>

  <div th:replace="~{footer :: copy}"></div>
  
</body>

<body>

  ...

  <div>
    <footer>
      &copy; 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
    </footer>
  </div>

  <footer>
    &copy; 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
  </footer>
  
</body>

8.2 Parameterizable fragment signatures

In order to create a more function-like mechanism for template fragments, fragments defined with th:fragment can specify a set of parameters:

<div th:fragment="frag (onevar,twovar)">
    <p th:text="${onevar} + ' - ' + ${twovar}">...</p>
</div>

This requires the use of one of these two syntaxes to call the fragment from th:insert or th:replace:

<div th:replace="~{ ::frag (${value1},${value2}) }">...</div>
<div th:replace="~{ ::frag (onevar=${value1},twovar=${value2}) }">...</div>

Note that order is not important in the last option:

<div th:replace="~{ ::frag (twovar=${value2},onevar=${value1}) }">...</div>

<div th:fragment="frag">
    ...
</div>

<div th:replace="~{::frag (onevar=${value1},twovar=${value2})}">

<div th:replace="~{::frag}" th:with="onevar=${value1},twovar=${value2}">

<div th:assert="${onevar},(${twovar} != 43)">...</div>

<header th:fragment="contentheader(title)" th:assert="${!#strings.isEmpty(title)}">...</header>

8.3 Flexible layouts: beyond mere fragment insertion

Thanks to fragment expressions, we can specify parameters for fragments that are not texts, numbers, bean objects… but instead fragments of markup.

This allows us to create our fragments in a way such that they can be enriched with markup coming from the calling templates, resulting in a very flexible template layout mechanism.

Note the use of the title and links variables in the fragment below:

<head th:fragment="common_header(title,links)">

  <title th:replace="${title}">The awesome application</title>

  <!-- Common styles and scripts -->
  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" th:href="@{/css/awesomeapp.css}">
  <link rel="shortcut icon" th:href="@{/images/favicon.ico}">
  <script type="text/javascript" th:src="@{/sh/scripts/codebase.js}"></script>

  <!--/* Per-page placeholder for additional links */-->
  <th:block th:replace="${links}" />

</head>

We can now call this fragment like:

...
<head th:replace="~{ base :: common_header(~{::title},~{::link}) }">

  <title>Awesome - Main</title>

  <link rel="stylesheet" th:href="@{/css/bootstrap.min.css}">
  <link rel="stylesheet" th:href="@{/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css}">

</head>
...

…and the result will use the actual <title> and <link> tags from our calling template as the values of the title and links variables, resulting in our fragment being customized during insertion:

...
<head>

  <title>Awesome - Main</title>

  <!-- Common styles and scripts -->
  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/awe/css/awesomeapp.css">
  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/awe/images/favicon.ico">
  <script type="text/javascript" src="/awe/sh/scripts/codebase.js"></script>

  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/awe/css/bootstrap.min.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/awe/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css">

</head>
...

<head th:replace="~{ base :: common_header(~{::title},~{}) }">

  <title>Awesome - Main</title>

</head>
...

...
<head>

  <title>Awesome - Main</title>

  <!-- Common styles and scripts -->
  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/awe/css/awesomeapp.css">
  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/awe/images/favicon.ico">
  <script type="text/javascript" src="/awe/sh/scripts/codebase.js"></script>

</head>
...

...
<head th:replace="~{base :: common_header(_,~{::link})}">

  <title>Awesome - Main</title>

  <link rel="stylesheet" th:href="@{/css/bootstrap.min.css}">
  <link rel="stylesheet" th:href="@{/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css}">

</head>
...

  <title th:replace="${title}">The awesome application</title>

...
<head>

  <title>The awesome application</title>

  <!-- Common styles and scripts -->
  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/awe/css/awesomeapp.css">
  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/awe/images/favicon.ico">
  <script type="text/javascript" src="/awe/sh/scripts/codebase.js"></script>

  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/awe/css/bootstrap.min.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/awe/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css">

</head>
...

...
<div th:insert="${user.isAdmin()} ? ~{common :: adminhead} : ~{}">...</div>
...

...
<div th:insert="${user.isAdmin()} ? ~{common :: adminhead} : _">
    Welcome [[${user.name}]], click <a th:href="@{/support}">here</a> for help-desk support.
</div>
...

...
<!-- The body of the <div> will be used if the "common :: salutation" fragment  -->
<!-- does not exist (or is empty).                                              -->
<div th:insert="~{common :: salutation} ?: _">
    Welcome [[${user.name}]], click <a th:href="@{/support}">here</a> for help-desk support.
</div>
...

8.4 Removing template fragments

Back to the example application, let’s revisit the last version of our product list template:

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME</th>
    <th>PRICE</th>
    <th>IN STOCK</th>
    <th>COMMENTS</th>
  </tr>
  <tr th:each="prod : ${prods}" th:class="${prodStat.odd}? 'odd'">
    <td th:text="${prod.name}">Onions</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.price}">2.41</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.inStock}? #{true} : #{false}">yes</td>
    <td>
      <span th:text="${#lists.size(prod.comments)}">2</span> comment/s
      <a href="comments.html" 
         th:href="@{/product/comments(prodId=${prod.id})}" 
         th:unless="${#lists.isEmpty(prod.comments)}">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

This code is just fine as a template, but as a static page (when directly open by a browser without Thymeleaf processing it) it would not make a nice prototype.

Why? Because, although perfectly displayable by browsers, that table only has a row, and this row has mock data. As a prototype, it simply wouldn’t look realistic enough… we should have more than one product, we need more rows.

So let’s add some:

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME</th>
    <th>PRICE</th>
    <th>IN STOCK</th>
    <th>COMMENTS</th>
  </tr>
  <tr th:each="prod : ${prods}" th:class="${prodStat.odd}? 'odd'">
    <td th:text="${prod.name}">Onions</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.price}">2.41</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.inStock}? #{true} : #{false}">yes</td>
    <td>
      <span th:text="${#lists.size(prod.comments)}">2</span> comment/s
      <a href="comments.html" 
         th:href="@{/product/comments(prodId=${prod.id})}" 
         th:unless="${#lists.isEmpty(prod.comments)}">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="odd">
    <td>Blue Lettuce</td>
    <td>9.55</td>
    <td>no</td>
    <td>
      <span>0</span> comment/s
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mild Cinnamon</td>
    <td>1.99</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>3</span> comment/s
      <a href="comments.html">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

Ok, now we have three, definitely better for a prototype. But… what will happen when we process it with Thymeleaf?:

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME</th>
    <th>PRICE</th>
    <th>IN STOCK</th>
    <th>COMMENTS</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Fresh Sweet Basil</td>
    <td>4.99</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>0</span> comment/s
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="odd">
    <td>Italian Tomato</td>
    <td>1.25</td>
    <td>no</td>
    <td>
      <span>2</span> comment/s
      <a href="/gtvg/product/comments?prodId=2">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Yellow Bell Pepper</td>
    <td>2.50</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>0</span> comment/s
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="odd">
    <td>Old Cheddar</td>
    <td>18.75</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>1</span> comment/s
      <a href="/gtvg/product/comments?prodId=4">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="odd">
    <td>Blue Lettuce</td>
    <td>9.55</td>
    <td>no</td>
    <td>
      <span>0</span> comment/s
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mild Cinnamon</td>
    <td>1.99</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>3</span> comment/s
      <a href="comments.html">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

The last two rows are mock rows! Well, of course they are: iteration was only applied to the first row, so there is no reason why Thymeleaf should have removed the other two.

We need a way to remove those two rows during template processing. Let’s use the th:remove attribute on the second and third <tr> tags:

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME</th>
    <th>PRICE</th>
    <th>IN STOCK</th>
    <th>COMMENTS</th>
  </tr>
  <tr th:each="prod : ${prods}" th:class="${prodStat.odd}? 'odd'">
    <td th:text="${prod.name}">Onions</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.price}">2.41</td>
    <td th:text="${prod.inStock}? #{true} : #{false}">yes</td>
    <td>
      <span th:text="${#lists.size(prod.comments)}">2</span> comment/s
      <a href="comments.html" 
         th:href="@{/product/comments(prodId=${prod.id})}" 
         th:unless="${#lists.isEmpty(prod.comments)}">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="odd" th:remove="all">
    <td>Blue Lettuce</td>
    <td>9.55</td>
    <td>no</td>
    <td>
      <span>0</span> comment/s
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr th:remove="all">
    <td>Mild Cinnamon</td>
    <td>1.99</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>3</span> comment/s
      <a href="comments.html">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

Once processed, everything will look again as it should:

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME</th>
    <th>PRICE</th>
    <th>IN STOCK</th>
    <th>COMMENTS</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Fresh Sweet Basil</td>
    <td>4.99</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>0</span> comment/s
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="odd">
    <td>Italian Tomato</td>
    <td>1.25</td>
    <td>no</td>
    <td>
      <span>2</span> comment/s
      <a href="/gtvg/product/comments?prodId=2">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Yellow Bell Pepper</td>
    <td>2.50</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>0</span> comment/s
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="odd">
    <td>Old Cheddar</td>
    <td>18.75</td>
    <td>yes</td>
    <td>
      <span>1</span> comment/s
      <a href="/gtvg/product/comments?prodId=4">view</a>
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

And what does that all value in the attribute, mean? th:remove can behave in five different ways, depending on its value:

• all: Remove both the containing tag and all its children.
• body: Do not remove the containing tag, but remove all its children.
• tag: Remove the containing tag, but do not remove its children.
• all-but-first: Remove all children of the containing tag except the first one.
• none : Do nothing. This value is useful for dynamic evaluation.

What can that all-but-first value be useful for? It will let us save some th:remove="all" when prototyping:

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>NAME</th>
      <th>PRICE</th>
      <th>IN STOCK</th>
      <th>COMMENTS</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody th:remove="all-but-first">
    <tr th:each="prod : ${prods}" th:class="${prodStat.odd}? 'odd'">
      <td th:text="${prod.name}">Onions</td>
      <td th:text="${prod.price}">2.41</td>
      <td th:text="${prod.inStock}? #{true} : #{false}">yes</td>
      <td>
        <span th:text="${#lists.size(prod.comments)}">2</span> comment/s
        <a href="comments.html" 
           th:href="@{/product/comments(prodId=${prod.id})}" 
           th:unless="${#lists.isEmpty(prod.comments)}">view</a>
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td>Blue Lettuce</td>
      <td>9.55</td>
      <td>no</td>
      <td>
        <span>0</span> comment/s
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mild Cinnamon</td>
      <td>1.99</td>
      <td>yes</td>
      <td>
        <span>3</span> comment/s
        <a href="comments.html">view</a>
      </td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

The th:remove attribute can take any Thymeleaf Standard Expression, as long as it returns one of the allowed String values (all, tag, body, all-but-first or none).

This means removals could be conditional, like:

<a href="/something" th:remove="${condition}? tag : none">Link text not to be removed</a>

Also note that th:remove considers null a synonym to none, so the following works the same as the example above:

<a href="/something" th:remove="${condition}? tag">Link text not to be removed</a>

In this case, if ${condition} is false, null will be returned, and thus no removal will be performed.

8.5 Layout Inheritance

To be able to have a single file as layout, fragments can be used. An example of a simple layout having title and content using th:fragment and th:replace:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html th:fragment="layout (title, content)" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
    <title th:replace="${title}">Layout Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Layout H1</h1>
    <div th:replace="${content}">
        <p>Layout content</p>
    </div>
    <footer>
        Layout footer
    </footer>
</body>
</html>

This example declares a fragment called layout having title and content as parameters. Both will be replaced on page inheriting it by provided fragment expressions in the example below.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html th:replace="~{layoutFile :: layout(~{::title}, ~{::section})}">
<head>
    <title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<section>
    <p>Page content</p>
    <div>Included on page</div>
</section>
</body>
</html>

In this file, the html tag will be replaced by layout, but in the layout title and content will have been replaced by title and section blocks respectively.

If desired, the layout can be composed by several fragments as header and footer.

11.1. Standard HTML/XML comments

Standard HTML/XML comments <!-- ... --> can be used anywhere in Thymeleaf templates. Anything inside these comments won’t be processed by Thymeleaf, and will be copied verbatim to the result:

<!-- User info follows -->
<div th:text="${...}">
  ...
</div>

11.2. Thymeleaf parser-level comment blocks

Parser-level comment blocks are code that will be simply removed from the template when Thymeleaf parses it. They look like this:

<!--/* This code will be removed at Thymeleaf parsing time! */-->

Thymeleaf will remove everything between <!--/* and */-->, so these comment blocks can also be used for displaying code when a template is statically open, knowing that it will be removed when Thymeleaf processes it:

<!--/*--> 
  <div>
     you can see me only before Thymeleaf processes me!
  </div>
<!--*/-->

This might come very handy for prototyping tables with a lot of <tr>’s, for example:

<table>
   <tr th:each="x : ${xs}">
     ...
   </tr>
   <!--/*-->
   <tr>
     ...
   </tr>
   <tr>
     ...
   </tr>
   <!--*/-->
</table>

11.3. Thymeleaf prototype-only comment blocks

Thymeleaf allows the definition of special comment blocks marked to be comments when the template is open statically (i.e. as a prototype), but considered normal markup by Thymeleaf when executing the template.

<span>hello!</span>
<!--/*/
  <div th:text="${...}">
    ...
  </div>
/*/-->
<span>goodbye!</span>

Thymeleaf’s parsing system will simply remove the <!--/*/ and /*/--> markers, but not its contents, which will be left therefore uncommented. So when executing the template, Thymeleaf will actually see this:

<span>hello!</span>
 
  <div th:text="${...}">
    ...
  </div>
 
<span>goodbye!</span>

As with parser-level comment blocks, this feature is dialect-independent.

11.4. Synthetic th:block tag

Thymeleaf’s only element processor (not an attribute) included in the Standard Dialects is th:block.

th:block is a mere attribute container that allows template developers to specify whichever attributes they want. Thymeleaf will execute these attributes and then simply make the block, but not its contents, disappear.

So it could be useful, for example, when creating iterated tables that require more than one <tr> for each element:

<table>
  <th:block th:each="user : ${users}">
    <tr>
        <td th:text="${user.login}">...</td>
        <td th:text="${user.name}">...</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td colspan="2" th:text="${user.address}">...</td>
    </tr>
  </th:block>
</table>

And especially useful when used in combination with prototype-only comment blocks:

<table>
    <!--/*/ <th:block th:each="user : ${users}"> /*/-->
    <tr>
        <td th:text="${user.login}">...</td>
        <td th:text="${user.name}">...</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td colspan="2" th:text="${user.address}">...</td>
    </tr>
    <!--/*/ </th:block> /*/-->
</table>

Note how this solution allows templates to be valid HTML (no need to add forbidden <div> blocks inside <table>), and still works OK when open statically in browsers as prototypes!

12.1 Expression inlining

Although the Standard Dialect allows us to do almost everything using tag attributes, there are situations in which we could prefer writing expressions directly into our HTML texts. For example, we could prefer writing this:

<p>Hello, [[${session.user.name}]]!</p>

…instead of this:

<p>Hello, <span th:text="${session.user.name}">Sebastian</span>!</p>

Expressions between [[...]] or [(...)] are considered inlined expressions in Thymeleaf, and inside them we can use any kind of expression that would also be valid in a th:text or th:utext attribute.

Note that, while [[...]] corresponds to th:text (i.e. result will be HTML-escaped), [(...)] corresponds to th:utext and will not perform any HTML-escaping. So with a variable such as msg = 'This is <b>great!</b>', given this fragment:

<p>The message is "[(${msg})]"</p>

The result will have those <b> tags unescaped, so:

<p>The message is "This is <b>great!</b>"</p>

Whereas if escaped like:

<p>The message is "[[${msg}]]"</p>

The result will be HTML-escaped:

<p>The message is "This is &lt;b&gt;great!&lt;/b&gt;"</p>

Note that text inlining is active by default in the body of every tag in our markup –- not the tags themselves -–, so there is nothing we need to do to enable it.

Hello, Sebastian!

Hello, [[${session.user.name}]]!

<p th:inline="none">A double array looks like this: [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]]!</p>

<p>A double array looks like this: [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]]!</p>

12.2 Text inlining

Text inlining is very similar to the expression inlining capability we have just seen, but it actually adds more power. It has to be enabled explicitly with th:inline="text".

Text inlining not only allows us to use the same inlined expressions we just saw, but in fact processes tag bodies as if they were templates processed in the TEXT template mode, which allows us to perform text-based template logic (not only output expressions).

We will see more about this in the next chapter about the textual template modes.

12.3 JavaScript inlining

JavaScript inlining allows for a better integration of JavaScript <script> blocks in templates being processed in the HTML template mode.

As with text inlining, this is actually equivalent to processing the scripts contents as if they were templates in the JAVASCRIPT template mode, and therefore all the power of the textual template modes (see next chapter) will be at hand. However, in this section we will focus on how we can use it for adding the output of our Thymeleaf expressions into our JavaScript blocks.

This mode has to be explicitly enabled using th:inline="javascript":

<script th:inline="javascript">
    ...
    var username = [[${session.user.name}]];
    ...
</script>

This will result in:

<script th:inline="javascript">
    ...
    var username = "Sebastian \"Fruity\" Applejuice";
    ...
</script>

Two important things to note in the code above:

First, that JavaScript inlining will not only output the required text, but also enclose it with quotes and JavaScript-escape its contents, so that the expression results are output as a well-formed JavaScript literal.

Second, that this is happening because we are outputting the ${session.user.name} expression as escaped, i.e. using a double-bracket expression: [[${session.user.name}]]. If instead we used unescaped like:

<script th:inline="javascript">
    ...
    var username = [(${session.user.name})];
    ...
</script>

The result would look like:

<script th:inline="javascript">
    ...
    var username = Sebastian "Fruity" Applejuice;
    ...
</script>

…which is malformed JavaScript code. But outputting something unescaped might be what we need if we are building parts of our script by means of appending inlined expressions, so it’s good to have this tool at hand.

<script th:inline="javascript">
    ...
    var username = /*[[${session.user.name}]]*/ "Gertrud Kiwifruit";
    ...
</script>

<script th:inline="javascript">
    ...
    var username = "Sebastian \"Fruity\" Applejuice";
    ...
</script>

<script th:inline="javascript">
    ...
    var username = /*[[${session.user.name}]]*/ "Gertrud Kiwifruit";
    ...
</script>

<script th:inline="javascript">
    ...
    var user = /*[[${session.user}]]*/ null;
    ...
</script>

<script th:inline="javascript">
    ...
    var user = {"age":null,"firstName":"John","lastName":"Apricot",
                "name":"John Apricot","nationality":"Antarctica"};
    ...
</script>

12.4 CSS inlining

Thymeleaf also allows the use of inlining in CSS <style> tags, such as:

<style th:inline="css">
  ...
</style>

For example, say we have two variables set to two different String values:

classname = 'main elems'
align = 'center'

We could use them just like:

<style th:inline="css">
    .[[${classname}]] {
      text-align: [[${align}]];
    }
</style>

And the result would be:

<style th:inline="css">
    .main\ elems {
      text-align: center;
    }
</style>

Note how CSS inlining also bears some intelligence, just like JavaScript’s. Specifically, expressions output via escaped expressions like [[${classname}]] will be escaped as CSS identifiers. That is why our classname = 'main elems' has turned into main\ elems in the fragment of code above.

<style th:inline="css">
    .main\ elems {
      text-align: /*[[${align}]]*/ left;
    }
</style>

13.1 Textual syntax

Three of the Thymeleaf template modes are considered textual: TEXT, JAVASCRIPT and CSS. This differentiates them from the markup template modes: HTML and XML.

The key difference between textual template modes and the markup ones is that in a textual template there are no tags into which to insert logic in the form of attributes, so we have to rely on other mechanisms.

The first and most basic of these mechanisms is inlining, which we have already detailed in the previous chapter. Inlining syntax is the most simple way to output results of expressions in textual template mode, so this is a perfectly valid template for a text email.

  Dear [(${name})],

  Please find attached the results of the report you requested
  with name "[(${report.name})]".

  Sincerely,
    The Reporter.

Even without tags, the example above is a complete and valid Thymeleaf template that can be executed in the TEXT template mode.

But in order to include more complex logic than mere output expressions, we need a new non-tag-based syntax:

[# th:each="item : ${items}"]
  - [(${item})]
[/]

Which is actually the condensed version of the more verbose:

[#th:block th:each="item : ${items}"]
  - [#th:block th:utext="${item}" /]
[/th:block]

Note how this new syntax is based on elements (i.e. processable tags) that are declared as [#element ...] instead of <element ...>. Elements are open like [#element ...] and closed like [/element], and standalone tags can be declared by minimizing the open element with a / in a way almost equivalent to XML tags: [#element ... /].

The Standard Dialect only contains a processor for one of these elements: the already-known th:block, though we could extend this in our dialects and create new elements in the usual way. Also, the th:block element ([#th:block ...] ... [/th:block]) is allowed to be abbreviated as the empty string ([# ...] ... [/]), so the above block is actually equivalent to:

[# th:each="item : ${items}"]
  - [# th:utext="${item}" /]
[/]

And given [# th:utext="${item}" /] is equivalent to an inlined unescaped expression, we could just use it in order to have less code. Thus we end up with the first fragment of code we saw above:

[# th:each="item : ${items}"]
  - [(${item})]
[/]

Note that the textual syntax requires full element balance (no unclosed tags) and quoted attributes – it’s more XML-style than HTML-style.

Let’s have a look at a more complete example of a TEXT template, a plain text email template:

Dear [(${customer.name})],

This is the list of our products:

[# th:each="prod : ${products}"]
   - [(${prod.name})]. Price: [(${prod.price})] EUR/kg
[/]

Thanks,
  The Thymeleaf Shop

After executing, the result of this could be something like:

Dear Mary Ann Blueberry,

This is the list of our products:

   - Apricots. Price: 1.12 EUR/kg
   - Bananas. Price: 1.78 EUR/kg
   - Apples. Price: 0.85 EUR/kg
   - Watermelon. Price: 1.91 EUR/kg

Thanks,
  The Thymeleaf Shop

And another example in JAVASCRIPT template mode, a greeter.js file, we process as a textual template and which result we call from our HTML pages. Note this is not a <script> block in an HTML template, but a .js file being processed as a template on its own:

var greeter = function() {

    var username = [[${session.user.name}]];

    [# th:each="salut : ${salutations}"]    
      alert([[${salut}]] + " " + username);
    [/]

};

After executing, the result of this could be something like:

var greeter = function() {

    var username = "Bertrand \"Crunchy\" Pear";

      alert("Hello" + " " + username);
      alert("Ol\u00E1" + " " + username);
      alert("Hola" + " " + username);

};

  [# th:if="${120<user.age}"]
     Congratulations!
  [/]

13.2 Extensibility

One of the advantages of this syntax is that it is just as extensible as the markup one. Developers can still define their own dialects with custom elements and attributes, apply a prefix to them (optionally), and then use them in textual template modes:

  [#myorg:dosomething myorg:importantattr="211"]some text[/myorg:dosomething]

13.3 Textual prototype-only comment blocks: adding code

The JAVASCRIPT and CSS template modes (not available for TEXT) allow including code between a special comment syntax /*[+...+]*/ so that Thymeleaf will automatically uncomment such code when processing the template:

var x = 23;

/*[+

var msg  = "This is a working application";

+]*/

var f = function() {
    ...

Will be executed as:

var x = 23;

var msg  = "This is a working application";

var f = function() {
...

You can include expressions inside these comments, and they will be evaluated:

var x = 23;

/*[+

var msg  = "Hello, " + [[${session.user.name}]];

+]*/

var f = function() {
...

13.4 Textual parser-level comment blocks: removing code

In a way similar to that of prototype-only comment blocks, all the three textual template modes (TEXT, JAVASCRIPT and CSS) make it possible to instruct Thymeleaf to remove code between special /*[- */ and /* -]*/ marks, like this:

var x = 23;

/*[- */

var msg  = "This is shown only when executed statically!";

/* -]*/

var f = function() {
...

Or this, in TEXT mode:

...
/*[- Note the user is obtained from the session, which must exist -]*/
Welcome [(${session.user.name})]!
...

13.5 Natural JavaScript and CSS templates

As seen in the previous chapter, JavaScript and CSS inlining offer the possibility to include inlined expressions inside JavaScript/CSS comments, like:

...
var username = /*[[${session.user.name}]]*/ "Sebastian Lychee";
...

…which is valid JavaScript, and once executed could look like:

...
var username = "John Apricot";
...

This same trick of enclosing inlined expressions inside comments can in fact be used for the entire textual mode syntax:

  /*[# th:if="${user.admin}"]*/
     alert('Welcome admin');
  /*[/]*/

That alert in the code above will be shown when the template is open statically – because it is 100% valid JavaScript –, and also when the template is run if the user is an admin. It is equivalent to:

  [# th:if="${user.admin}"]
     alert('Welcome admin');
  [/]

…which is actually the code to which the initial version is converted during template parsing.

Note however that wrapping elements in comments does not clean the lines they live in (to the right until a ; is found) as inlined output expressions do. That behaviour is reserved for inlined output expressions only.

So Thymeleaf 3.0 allows the development of complex JavaScript scripts and CSS style sheets in the form of natural templates, valid both as a prototype and as a working template.

14.1 Order List

Let’s start by creating an order list page, /WEB-INF/templates/order/list.html:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">

  <head>

    <title>Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</title>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" 
          href="../../../css/gtvg.css" th:href="@{/css/gtvg.css}" />
  </head>

  <body>

    <h1>Order list</h1>
  
    <table>
      <tr>
        <th>DATE</th>
        <th>CUSTOMER</th>
        <th>TOTAL</th>
        <th></th>
      </tr>
      <tr th:each="o : ${orders}" th:class="${oStat.odd}? 'odd'">
        <td th:text="${#calendars.format(o.date,'dd/MMM/yyyy')}">13 jan 2011</td>
        <td th:text="${o.customer.name}">Frederic Tomato</td>
        <td th:text="${#aggregates.sum(o.orderLines.{purchasePrice * amount})}">23.32</td>
        <td>
          <a href="details.html" th:href="@{/order/details(orderId=${o.id})}">view</a>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  
    <p>
      <a href="../home.html" th:href="@{/}">Return to home</a>
    </p>
    
  </body>
  
</html>

There’s nothing here that should surprise us, except for this little bit of OGNL magic:

<td th:text="${#aggregates.sum(o.orderLines.{purchasePrice * amount})}">23.32</td>

What that does is, for each order line (OrderLine object) in the order, multiply its purchasePrice and amount properties (by calling the corresponding getPurchasePrice() and getAmount() methods) and return the result into a list of numbers, later aggregated by the #aggregates.sum(...) function in order to obtain the order total price.

You’ve got to love the power of OGNL.

14.2 Order Details

Now for the order details page, in which we will make a heavy use of asterisk syntax:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">

  <head>
    <title>Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</title>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" 
          href="../../../css/gtvg.css" th:href="@{/css/gtvg.css}" />
  </head>

  <body th:object="${order}">

    <h1>Order details</h1>

    <div>
      <p><b>Code:</b> <span th:text="*{id}">99</span></p>
      <p>
        <b>Date:</b>
        <span th:text="*{#calendars.format(date,'dd MMM yyyy')}">13 jan 2011</span>
      </p>
    </div>

    <h2>Customer</h2>

    <div th:object="*{customer}">
      <p><b>Name:</b> <span th:text="*{name}">Frederic Tomato</span></p>
      <p>
        <b>Since:</b>
        <span th:text="*{#calendars.format(customerSince,'dd MMM yyyy')}">1 jan 2011</span>
      </p>
    </div>
  
    <h2>Products</h2>
  
    <table>
      <tr>
        <th>PRODUCT</th>
        <th>AMOUNT</th>
        <th>PURCHASE PRICE</th>
      </tr>
      <tr th:each="ol,row : *{orderLines}" th:class="${row.odd}? 'odd'">
        <td th:text="${ol.product.name}">Strawberries</td>
        <td th:text="${ol.amount}" class="number">3</td>
        <td th:text="${ol.purchasePrice}" class="number">23.32</td>
      </tr>
    </table>

    <div>
      <b>TOTAL:</b>
      <span th:text="*{#aggregates.sum(orderLines.{purchasePrice * amount})}">35.23</span>
    </div>
  
    <p>
      <a href="list.html" th:href="@{/order/list}">Return to order list</a>
    </p>

  </body>
  
</html>

Not much really new here, except for this nested object selection:

<body th:object="${order}">

  ...

  <div th:object="*{customer}">
    <p><b>Name:</b> <span th:text="*{name}">Frederic Tomato</span></p>
    ...
  </div>

  ...
</body>

…which makes that *{name} equivalent to:

<p><b>Name:</b> <span th:text="${order.customer.name}">Frederic Tomato</span></p>

15.1 Template Resolvers

For our Good Thymes Virtual Grocery, we chose an ITemplateResolver implementation called WebApplicationTemplateResolver that allowed us to obtain templates as resources from the application resources (the Servlet Context in a Servlet-based webapp).

Besides giving us the ability to create our own template resolver by implementing ITemplateResolver, Thymeleaf includes four implementations out of the box:

• org.thymeleaf.templateresolver.ClassLoaderTemplateResolver, which resolves templates as classloader resources, like:

  return Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(template);

• org.thymeleaf.templateresolver.FileTemplateResolver, which resolves templates as files from the file system, like:

  return new FileInputStream(new File(template));

• org.thymeleaf.templateresolver.UrlTemplateResolver, which resolves templates as URLs (even non-local ones), like:

  return (new URL(template)).openStream();

• org.thymeleaf.templateresolver.StringTemplateResolver, which resolves templates directly as the String being specified as template (or template name, which in this case is obviously much more than a mere name):

  return new StringReader(templateName);

All of the pre-bundled implementations of ITemplateResolver allow the same set of configuration parameters, which include:

• Prefix and suffix (as already seen):

  templateResolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/templates/");
  templateResolver.setSuffix(".html");

• Template aliases that allow the use of template names that do not directly correspond to file names. If both suffix/prefix and alias exist, alias will be applied before prefix/suffix:

  templateResolver.addTemplateAlias("adminHome","profiles/admin/home");
  templateResolver.setTemplateAliases(aliasesMap);

• Encoding to be applied when reading templates:

  templateResolver.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");

• Template mode to be used:

  // Default is HTML
  templateResolver.setTemplateMode("XML");

• Default mode for template cache, and patterns for defining whether specific templates are cacheable or not:

  // Default is true
  templateResolver.setCacheable(false);
  templateResolver.getCacheablePatternSpec().addPattern("/users/*");

• TTL in milliseconds for parsed template cache entries originated in this template resolver. If not set, the only way to remove an entry from the cache will be to exceed the cache max size (oldest entry will be removed).

  // Default is no TTL (only cache size exceeded would remove entries)
  templateResolver.setCacheTTLMs(60000L);

The Thymeleaf + Spring integration packages offer a SpringResourceTemplateResolver implementation which uses all the Spring infrastructure for accessing and reading resources in applications, and which is the recommended implementation in Spring-enabled applications.

ClassLoaderTemplateResolver classLoaderTemplateResolver = new ClassLoaderTemplateResolver();
classLoaderTemplateResolver.setOrder(Integer.valueOf(1));

WebApplicationTemplateResolver webApplicationTemplateResolver = 
        new WebApplicationTemplateResolver(application);
webApplicationTemplateResolver.setOrder(Integer.valueOf(2));

templateEngine.addTemplateResolver(classLoaderTemplateResolver);
templateEngine.addTemplateResolver(webApplicationTemplateResolver);

ClassLoaderTemplateResolver classLoaderTemplateResolver = new ClassLoaderTemplateResolver();
classLoaderTemplateResolver.setOrder(Integer.valueOf(1));
// This classloader will not be even asked for any templates not matching these patterns 
classLoaderTemplateResolver.getResolvablePatternSpec().addPattern("/layout/*.html");
classLoaderTemplateResolver.getResolvablePatternSpec().addPattern("/menu/*.html");

WebApplicationTemplateResolver webApplicationTemplateResolver = 
        new WebApplicationTemplateResolver(application);
webApplicationTemplateResolver.setOrder(Integer.valueOf(2));

ClassLoaderTemplateResolver classLoaderTemplateResolver = new ClassLoaderTemplateResolver();
classLoaderTemplateResolver.setOrder(Integer.valueOf(1));
classLoaderTempalteResolver.setCheckExistence(true);

15.2 Message Resolvers

We did not explicitly specify a Message Resolver implementation for our Grocery application, and as it was explained before, this meant that the implementation being used was an org.thymeleaf.messageresolver.StandardMessageResolver object.

StandardMessageResolver is the standard implementation of the IMessageResolver interface, but we could create our own if we wanted, adapted to the specific needs of our application.

The Thymeleaf + Spring integration packages offer by default an IMessageResolver implementation which uses the standard Spring way of retrieving externalized messages, by using MessageSource beans declared at the Spring Application Context.

// For setting only one
templateEngine.setMessageResolver(messageResolver);

// For setting more than one
templateEngine.addMessageResolver(messageResolver);

15.3 Conversion Services

The conversion service that enables us to perform data conversion and formatting operations by means of the double-brace syntax (${{...}}) is actually a feature of the Standard Dialect, not of the Thymeleaf Template Engine itself.

As such, the way to configure it is by setting our custom implementation of the IStandardConversionService interface directly into the instance of StandardDialect that is being configured into the template engine. Like:

IStandardConversionService customConversionService = ...

StandardDialect dialect = new StandardDialect();
dialect.setConversionService(customConversionService);

templateEngine.setDialect(dialect);

Note that the thymeleaf-spring3 and thymeleaf-spring4 packages contain the SpringStandardDialect, and this dialect already comes pre-configured with an implementation of IStandardConversionService that integrates Spring’s own Conversion Service infrastructure into Thymeleaf.

15.4 Logging

Thymeleaf pays quite a lot of attention to logging, and always tries to offer the maximum amount of useful information through its logging interface.

The logging library used is slf4j, which in fact acts as a bridge to whichever logging implementation we might want to use in our application (for example, log4j).

Thymeleaf classes will log TRACE, DEBUG and INFO-level information, depending on the level of detail we desire, and besides general logging it will use three special loggers associated with the TemplateEngine class which we can configure separately for different purposes:

• org.thymeleaf.TemplateEngine.CONFIG will output detailed configuration of the library during initialization.
• org.thymeleaf.TemplateEngine.TIMER will output information about the amount of time taken to process each template (useful for benchmarking!)
• org.thymeleaf.TemplateEngine.cache is the prefix for a set of loggers that output specific information about the caches. Although the names of the cache loggers are configurable by the user and thus could change, by default they are:
  • org.thymeleaf.TemplateEngine.cache.TEMPLATE_CACHE
  • org.thymeleaf.TemplateEngine.cache.EXPRESSION_CACHE

An example configuration for Thymeleaf’s logging infrastructure, using log4j, could be:

log4j.logger.org.thymeleaf=DEBUG
log4j.logger.org.thymeleaf.TemplateEngine.CONFIG=TRACE
log4j.logger.org.thymeleaf.TemplateEngine.TIMER=TRACE
log4j.logger.org.thymeleaf.TemplateEngine.cache.TEMPLATE_CACHE=TRACE

17.1 Decoupled logic: The concept

So far we have worked for our Grocery Store with templates done the usual way, with logic being inserted into our templates in the form of attributes.

But Thymeleaf also allows us to completely decouple the template markup from its logic, allowing the creation of completely logic-less markup templates in the HTML and XML template modes.

The main idea is that template logic will be defined in a separate logic file (more exactly a logic resource, as it doesn’t need to be a file). By default, that logic resource will be an additional file living in the same place (e.g. folder) as the template file, with the same name but with .th.xml extension:

/templates
+->/home.html
+->/home.th.xml

So the home.html file can be completely logic-less. It might look like this:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <body>
    <table id="usersTable">
      <tr>
        <td class="username">Jeremy Grapefruit</td>
        <td class="usertype">Normal User</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="username">Alice Watermelon</td>
        <td class="usertype">Administrator</td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  </body>
</html>

Absolutely no Thymeleaf code there. This is a template file that a designer with no Thymeleaf or templating knowledge could have created, edited and/or understood. Or a fragment of HTML provided by some external system with no Thymeleaf hooks at all.

Let’s now turn that home.html template into a Thymeleaf template by creating our additional home.th.xml file like this:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<thlogic>
  <attr sel="#usersTable" th:remove="all-but-first">
    <attr sel="/tr[0]" th:each="user : ${users}">
      <attr sel="td.username" th:text="${user.name}" />
      <attr sel="td.usertype" th:text="#{|user.type.${user.type}|}" />
    </attr>
  </attr>
</thlogic>

Here we can see a lot of <attr> tags inside a thlogic block. Those <attr> tags perform attribute injection on nodes of the original template selected by means of their sel attributes, which contain Thymeleaf markup selectors (actually AttoParser markup selectors).

Also note that <attr> tags can be nested so that their selectors are appended. That sel="/tr[0]" above, for example, will be processed as sel="#usersTable/tr[0]". And the selector for the user name <td> will be processed as sel="#usersTable/tr[0]//td.username".

So once merged, both files seen above will be the same as:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <body>
    <table id="usersTable" th:remove="all-but-first">
      <tr th:each="user : ${users}">
        <td class="username" th:text="${user.name}">Jeremy Grapefruit</td>
        <td class="usertype" th:text="#{|user.type.${user.type}|}">Normal User</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="username">Alice Watermelon</td>
        <td class="usertype">Administrator</td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  </body>
</html>

This looks more familiar, and is indeed less verbose than creating two separate files. But the advantage of decoupled templates is that we can give for our templates total independence from Thymeleaf, and therefore better maintainability from the design standpoint.

Of course some contracts between designers or developers will still be needed – e.g. the fact that the users <table> will need an id="usersTable" –, but in many scenarios a pure-HTML template will be a much better communication artifact between design and development teams.

17.2 Configuring decoupled templates

final WebApplicationTemplateResolver templateResolver = 
        new WebApplicationTemplateResolver(application);
...
templateResolver.setUseDecoupledLogic(true);

17.3 The th:ref attribute

th:ref is only a marker attribute. It does nothing from the processing standpoint and simply disappears when the template is processed, but its usefulness lies in the fact that it acts as a markup reference, i.e. it can be resolved by name from a markup selector just like a tag name or a fragment (th:fragment).

So if we have a selector like:

  <attr sel="whatever" .../>

This will match:

• Any <whatever> tags.
• Any tags with a th:fragment="whatever" attribute.
• Any tags with a th:ref="whatever" attribute.

What is the advantage of th:ref against, for example, using a pure-HTML id attribute? Merely the fact that we might not want to add so many id and class attributes to our tags to act as logic anchors, which might end up polluting our output.

And in the same sense, what is the disadvantage of th:ref? Well, obviously that we’d be adding a bit of Thymeleaf logic (“logic”) to our templates.

Note this applicability of the th:ref attribute does not only apply to decoupled logic template files: it works the same in other types of scenarios, like in fragment expressions (~{...}).

17.4 Performance impact of decoupled templates

The impact is extremely small. When a resolved template is marked to use decoupled logic and it is not cached, the template logic resource will be resolved first, parsed and processed into a sequence of instructions in-memory: basically a list of attributes to be injected to each markup selector.

But this is the only additional step required because, after this, the real template will be parsed, and while it is parsed these attributes will be injected on-the-fly by the parser itself, thanks to the advanced capabilities for node selection in AttoParser. So parsed nodes will come out of the parser as if they had their injected attributes written in the original template file.

The biggest advantage of this? When a template is configured to be cached, it will be cached already containing the injected attributes. So the overhead of using decoupled templates for cacheable templates, once they are cached, will be absolutely zero.

17.5 Resolution of decoupled logic

The way Thymeleaf resolves the decoupled logic resources corresponding to each template is configurable by the user. It is determined by an extension point, the org.thymeleaf.templateparser.markup.decoupled.IDecoupledTemplateLogicResolver, for which a default implementation is provided: StandardDecoupledTemplateLogicResolver.

What does this standard implementation do?

• First, it applies a prefix and a suffix to the base name of the template resource (obtained by means of its ITemplateResource#getBaseName() method). Both prefix and suffix can be configured and, by default, the prefix will be empty and the suffix will be .th.xml.
• Second, it asks the template resource to resolve a relative resource with the computed name by means of its ITemplateResource#relative(String relativeLocation) method.

The specific implementation of IDecoupledTemplateLogicResolver to be used can be configured at the TemplateEngine easily:

final StandardDecoupledTemplateLogicResolver decoupledresolver = 
        new StandardDecoupledTemplateLogicResolver();
decoupledResolver.setPrefix("../viewlogic/");
...
templateEngine.setDecoupledTemplateLogicResolver(decoupledResolver);

Base objects

• #ctx : the context object. An implementation of org.thymeleaf.context.IContext or org.thymeleaf.context.IWebContext depending on our environment (standalone or web).

  Note #vars and #root are synomyns for the same object, but using #ctx is recommended.

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.context.IContext
 * ======================================================================
 */

${#ctx.locale}
${#ctx.variableNames}

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.context.IWebContext
 * ======================================================================
 */

${#ctx.request}
${#ctx.response}
${#ctx.session}
${#ctx.servletContext}

• #locale : direct access to the java.util.Locale associated with current request.

${#locale}

Web context namespaces for request/session attributes, etc.

When using Thymeleaf in a web environment, we can use a series of shortcuts for accessing request parameters, session attributes and application attributes:

Note these are not context objects, but maps added to the context as variables, so we access them without #. In some way, they act as namespaces.

• param : for retrieving request parameters. ${param.foo} is a String[] with the values of the foo request parameter, so ${param.foo[0]} will normally be used for getting the first value.

/*
 * ============================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.context.WebRequestParamsVariablesMap
 * ============================================================================
 */

${param.foo}              // Retrieves a String[] with the values of request parameter 'foo'
${param.size()}
${param.isEmpty()}
${param.containsKey('foo')}
...

• session : for retrieving session attributes.

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.context.WebSessionVariablesMap
 * ======================================================================
 */

${session.foo}                 // Retrieves the session atttribute 'foo'
${session.size()}
${session.isEmpty()}
${session.containsKey('foo')}
...

• application : for retrieving application/servlet context attributes.

/*
 * =============================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.context.WebServletContextVariablesMap
 * =============================================================================
 */

${application.foo}              // Retrieves the ServletContext atttribute 'foo'
${application.size()}
${application.isEmpty()}
${application.containsKey('foo')}
...

Note there is no need to specify a namespace for accessing request attributes (as opposed to request parameters) because all request attributes are automatically added to the context as variables in the context root:

${myRequestAttribute}

Execution Info

• #execInfo : expression object providing useful information about the template being processed inside Thymeleaf Standard Expressions.

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.ExecutionInfo
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Return the name and mode of the 'leaf' template. This means the template
 * from where the events being processed were parsed. So if this piece of
 * code is not in the root template "A" but on a fragment being inserted
 * into "A" from another template called "B", this will return "B" as a
 * name, and B's mode as template mode.
 */
${#execInfo.templateName}
${#execInfo.templateMode}

/*
 * Return the name and mode of the 'root' template. This means the template
 * that the template engine was originally asked to process. So if this
 * piece of code is not in the root template "A" but on a fragment being
 * inserted into "A" from another template called "B", this will still 
 * return "A" and A's template mode.
 */
${#execInfo.processedTemplateName}
${#execInfo.processedTemplateMode}

/*
 * Return the stacks (actually, List<String> or List<TemplateMode>) of
 * templates being processed. The first element will be the 
 * 'processedTemplate' (the root one), the last one will be the 'leaf'
 * template, and in the middle all the fragments inserted in nested
 * manner to reach the leaf from the root will appear.
 */
${#execInfo.templateNames}
${#execInfo.templateModes}

/*
 * Return the stack of templates being processed similarly (and in the
 * same order) to 'templateNames' and 'templateModes', but returning
 * a List<TemplateData> with the full template metadata.
 */
${#execInfo.templateStack}

Messages

• #messages : utility methods for obtaining externalized messages inside variables expressions, in the same way as they would be obtained using #{...} syntax.

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Messages
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Obtain externalized messages. Can receive a single key, a key plus arguments,
 * or an array/list/set of keys (in which case it will return an array/list/set of 
 * externalized messages).
 * If a message is not found, a default message (like '??msgKey??') is returned.
 */
${#messages.msg('msgKey')}
${#messages.msg('msgKey', param1)}
${#messages.msg('msgKey', param1, param2)}
${#messages.msg('msgKey', param1, param2, param3)}
${#messages.msgWithParams('msgKey', new Object[] {param1, param2, param3, param4})}
${#messages.arrayMsg(messageKeyArray)}
${#messages.listMsg(messageKeyList)}
${#messages.setMsg(messageKeySet)}

/*
 * Obtain externalized messages or null. Null is returned instead of a default
 * message if a message for the specified key is not found.
 */
${#messages.msgOrNull('msgKey')}
${#messages.msgOrNull('msgKey', param1)}
${#messages.msgOrNull('msgKey', param1, param2)}
${#messages.msgOrNull('msgKey', param1, param2, param3)}
${#messages.msgOrNullWithParams('msgKey', new Object[] {param1, param2, param3, param4})}
${#messages.arrayMsgOrNull(messageKeyArray)}
${#messages.listMsgOrNull(messageKeyList)}
${#messages.setMsgOrNull(messageKeySet)}

URIs/URLs

• #uris : utility object for performing URI/URL operations (esp. escaping/unescaping) inside Thymeleaf Standard Expressions.

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Uris
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Escape/Unescape as a URI/URL path
 */
${#uris.escapePath(uri)}
${#uris.escapePath(uri, encoding)}
${#uris.unescapePath(uri)}
${#uris.unescapePath(uri, encoding)}

/*
 * Escape/Unescape as a URI/URL path segment (between '/' symbols)
 */
${#uris.escapePathSegment(uri)}
${#uris.escapePathSegment(uri, encoding)}
${#uris.unescapePathSegment(uri)}
${#uris.unescapePathSegment(uri, encoding)}

/*
 * Escape/Unescape as a Fragment Identifier (#frag)
 */
${#uris.escapeFragmentId(uri)}
${#uris.escapeFragmentId(uri, encoding)}
${#uris.unescapeFragmentId(uri)}
${#uris.unescapeFragmentId(uri, encoding)}

/*
 * Escape/Unescape as a Query Parameter (?var=value)
 */
${#uris.escapeQueryParam(uri)}
${#uris.escapeQueryParam(uri, encoding)}
${#uris.unescapeQueryParam(uri)}
${#uris.unescapeQueryParam(uri, encoding)}

Conversions

• #conversions : utility object that allows the execution of the Conversion Service at any point of a template:

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Conversions
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Execute the desired conversion of the 'object' value into the
 * specified class.
 */
${#conversions.convert(object, 'java.util.TimeZone')}
${#conversions.convert(object, targetClass)}

Dates

• #dates : utility methods for java.util.Date objects:

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Dates
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Format date with the standard locale format
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#dates.format(date)}
${#dates.arrayFormat(datesArray)}
${#dates.listFormat(datesList)}
${#dates.setFormat(datesSet)}

/*
 * Format date with the ISO8601 format
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#dates.formatISO(date)}
${#dates.arrayFormatISO(datesArray)}
${#dates.listFormatISO(datesList)}
${#dates.setFormatISO(datesSet)}

/*
 * Format date with the specified pattern
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#dates.format(date, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#dates.arrayFormat(datesArray, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#dates.listFormat(datesList, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#dates.setFormat(datesSet, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}

/*
 * Obtain date properties
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#dates.day(date)}                    // also arrayDay(...), listDay(...), etc.
${#dates.month(date)}                  // also arrayMonth(...), listMonth(...), etc.
${#dates.monthName(date)}              // also arrayMonthName(...), listMonthName(...), etc.
${#dates.monthNameShort(date)}         // also arrayMonthNameShort(...), listMonthNameShort(...), etc.
${#dates.year(date)}                   // also arrayYear(...), listYear(...), etc.
${#dates.dayOfWeek(date)}              // also arrayDayOfWeek(...), listDayOfWeek(...), etc.
${#dates.dayOfWeekName(date)}          // also arrayDayOfWeekName(...), listDayOfWeekName(...), etc.
${#dates.dayOfWeekNameShort(date)}     // also arrayDayOfWeekNameShort(...), listDayOfWeekNameShort(...), etc.
${#dates.hour(date)}                   // also arrayHour(...), listHour(...), etc.
${#dates.minute(date)}                 // also arrayMinute(...), listMinute(...), etc.
${#dates.second(date)}                 // also arraySecond(...), listSecond(...), etc.
${#dates.millisecond(date)}            // also arrayMillisecond(...), listMillisecond(...), etc.

/*
 * Create date (java.util.Date) objects from its components
 */
${#dates.create(year,month,day)}
${#dates.create(year,month,day,hour,minute)}
${#dates.create(year,month,day,hour,minute,second)}
${#dates.create(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,millisecond)}

/*
 * Create a date (java.util.Date) object for the current date and time
 */
${#dates.createNow()}

${#dates.createNowForTimeZone()}

/*
 * Create a date (java.util.Date) object for the current date (time set to 00:00)
 */
${#dates.createToday()}

${#dates.createTodayForTimeZone()}

Calendars

• #calendars : analogous to #dates, but for java.util.Calendar objects:

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Calendars
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Format calendar with the standard locale format
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#calendars.format(cal)}
${#calendars.arrayFormat(calArray)}
${#calendars.listFormat(calList)}
${#calendars.setFormat(calSet)}

/*
 * Format calendar with the ISO8601 format
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#calendars.formatISO(cal)}
${#calendars.arrayFormatISO(calArray)}
${#calendars.listFormatISO(calList)}
${#calendars.setFormatISO(calSet)}

/*
 * Format calendar with the specified pattern
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#calendars.format(cal, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#calendars.arrayFormat(calArray, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#calendars.listFormat(calList, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#calendars.setFormat(calSet, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}

/*
 * Obtain calendar properties
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#calendars.day(date)}                // also arrayDay(...), listDay(...), etc.
${#calendars.month(date)}              // also arrayMonth(...), listMonth(...), etc.
${#calendars.monthName(date)}          // also arrayMonthName(...), listMonthName(...), etc.
${#calendars.monthNameShort(date)}     // also arrayMonthNameShort(...), listMonthNameShort(...), etc.
${#calendars.year(date)}               // also arrayYear(...), listYear(...), etc.
${#calendars.dayOfWeek(date)}          // also arrayDayOfWeek(...), listDayOfWeek(...), etc.
${#calendars.dayOfWeekName(date)}      // also arrayDayOfWeekName(...), listDayOfWeekName(...), etc.
${#calendars.dayOfWeekNameShort(date)} // also arrayDayOfWeekNameShort(...), listDayOfWeekNameShort(...), etc.
${#calendars.hour(date)}               // also arrayHour(...), listHour(...), etc.
${#calendars.minute(date)}             // also arrayMinute(...), listMinute(...), etc.
${#calendars.second(date)}             // also arraySecond(...), listSecond(...), etc.
${#calendars.millisecond(date)}        // also arrayMillisecond(...), listMillisecond(...), etc.

/*
 * Create calendar (java.util.Calendar) objects from its components
 */
${#calendars.create(year,month,day)}
${#calendars.create(year,month,day,hour,minute)}
${#calendars.create(year,month,day,hour,minute,second)}
${#calendars.create(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,millisecond)}

${#calendars.createForTimeZone(year,month,day,timeZone)}
${#calendars.createForTimeZone(year,month,day,hour,minute,timeZone)}
${#calendars.createForTimeZone(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,timeZone)}
${#calendars.createForTimeZone(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,millisecond,timeZone)}

/*
 * Create a calendar (java.util.Calendar) object for the current date and time
 */
${#calendars.createNow()}

${#calendars.createNowForTimeZone()}

/*
 * Create a calendar (java.util.Calendar) object for the current date (time set to 00:00)
 */
${#calendars.createToday()}

${#calendars.createTodayForTimeZone()}

Temporals (java.time)

• #temporals : deal with date/time objects from the JDK8+ java.time API:

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Temporals
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 *
 * Format date with the standard locale format
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#temporals.format(temporal)}
${#temporals.arrayFormat(temporalsArray)}
${#temporals.listFormat(temporalsList)}
${#temporals.setFormat(temporalsSet)}

/*
 * Format date with the standard format for the provided locale
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#temporals.format(temporal, locale)}
${#temporals.arrayFormat(temporalsArray, locale)}
${#temporals.listFormat(temporalsList, locale)}
${#temporals.setFormat(temporalsSet, locale)}

/*
 * Format date with the specified pattern
 * SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG and FULL can also be specified to used the default java.time.format.FormatStyle patterns
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#temporals.format(temporal, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#temporals.format(temporal, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm', 'Europe/Paris')}
${#temporals.arrayFormat(temporalsArray, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#temporals.listFormat(temporalsList, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#temporals.setFormat(temporalsSet, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}

/*
 * Format date with the specified pattern and locale
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#temporals.format(temporal, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm', locale)}
${#temporals.arrayFormat(temporalsArray, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm', locale)}
${#temporals.listFormat(temporalsList, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm', locale)}
${#temporals.setFormat(temporalsSet, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm', locale)}

/*
 * Format date with ISO-8601 format
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#temporals.formatISO(temporal)}
${#temporals.arrayFormatISO(temporalsArray)}
${#temporals.listFormatISO(temporalsList)}
${#temporals.setFormatISO(temporalsSet)}

/*
 * Obtain date properties
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#temporals.day(temporal)}                    // also arrayDay(...), listDay(...), etc.
${#temporals.month(temporal)}                  // also arrayMonth(...), listMonth(...), etc.
${#temporals.monthName(temporal)}              // also arrayMonthName(...), listMonthName(...), etc.
${#temporals.monthNameShort(temporal)}         // also arrayMonthNameShort(...), listMonthNameShort(...), etc.
${#temporals.year(temporal)}                   // also arrayYear(...), listYear(...), etc.
${#temporals.dayOfWeek(temporal)}              // also arrayDayOfWeek(...), listDayOfWeek(...), etc.
${#temporals.dayOfWeekName(temporal)}          // also arrayDayOfWeekName(...), listDayOfWeekName(...), etc.
${#temporals.dayOfWeekNameShort(temporal)}     // also arrayDayOfWeekNameShort(...), listDayOfWeekNameShort(...), etc.
${#temporals.hour(temporal)}                   // also arrayHour(...), listHour(...), etc.
${#temporals.minute(temporal)}                 // also arrayMinute(...), listMinute(...), etc.
${#temporals.second(temporal)}                 // also arraySecond(...), listSecond(...), etc.
${#temporals.nanosecond(temporal)}             // also arrayNanosecond(...), listNanosecond(...), etc.

/*
 * Create temporal (java.time.Temporal) objects from its components
 */
${#temporals.create(year,month,day)}                                // return a instance of java.time.LocalDate
${#temporals.create(year,month,day,hour,minute)}                    // return a instance of java.time.LocalDateTime
${#temporals.create(year,month,day,hour,minute,second)}             // return a instance of java.time.LocalDateTime
${#temporals.create(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,nanosecond)}  // return a instance of java.time.LocalDateTime

/*
 * Create a temporal (java.time.Temporal) object for the current date and time
 */
${#temporals.createNow()}                      // return a instance of java.time.LocalDateTime
${#temporals.createNowForTimeZone(zoneId)}     // return a instance of java.time.ZonedDateTime
${#temporals.createToday()}                    // return a instance of java.time.LocalDate
${#temporals.createTodayForTimeZone(zoneId)}   // return a instance of java.time.LocalDate

/*
 * Create a temporal (java.time.Temporal) object for the provided date
 */
${#temporals.createDate(isoDate)}              // return a instance of java.time.LocalDate
${#temporals.createDateTime(isoDate)}          // return a instance of java.time.LocalDateTime
${#temporals.createDate(isoDate, pattern)}     // return a instance of java.time.LocalDate
${#temporals.createDateTime(isoDate, pattern)} // return a instance of java.time.LocalDateTime

Numbers

• #numbers : utility methods for number objects:

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Numbers
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * ==========================
 * Formatting integer numbers
 * ==========================
 */

/* 
 * Set minimum integer digits.
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#numbers.formatInteger(num,3)}
${#numbers.arrayFormatInteger(numArray,3)}
${#numbers.listFormatInteger(numList,3)}
${#numbers.setFormatInteger(numSet,3)}


/* 
 * Set minimum integer digits and thousands separator: 
 * 'POINT', 'COMMA', 'WHITESPACE', 'NONE' or 'DEFAULT' (by locale).
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#numbers.formatInteger(num,3,'POINT')}
${#numbers.arrayFormatInteger(numArray,3,'POINT')}
${#numbers.listFormatInteger(numList,3,'POINT')}
${#numbers.setFormatInteger(numSet,3,'POINT')}


/*
 * ==========================
 * Formatting decimal numbers
 * ==========================
 */

/*
 * Set minimum integer digits and (exact) decimal digits.
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#numbers.formatDecimal(num,3,2)}
${#numbers.arrayFormatDecimal(numArray,3,2)}
${#numbers.listFormatDecimal(numList,3,2)}
${#numbers.setFormatDecimal(numSet,3,2)}

/*
 * Set minimum integer digits and (exact) decimal digits, and also decimal separator.
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#numbers.formatDecimal(num,3,2,'COMMA')}
${#numbers.arrayFormatDecimal(numArray,3,2,'COMMA')}
${#numbers.listFormatDecimal(numList,3,2,'COMMA')}
${#numbers.setFormatDecimal(numSet,3,2,'COMMA')}

/*
 * Set minimum integer digits and (exact) decimal digits, and also thousands and 
 * decimal separator.
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#numbers.formatDecimal(num,3,'POINT',2,'COMMA')}
${#numbers.arrayFormatDecimal(numArray,3,'POINT',2,'COMMA')}
${#numbers.listFormatDecimal(numList,3,'POINT',2,'COMMA')}
${#numbers.setFormatDecimal(numSet,3,'POINT',2,'COMMA')}


/* 
 * =====================
 * Formatting currencies
 * =====================
 */

${#numbers.formatCurrency(num)}
${#numbers.arrayFormatCurrency(numArray)}
${#numbers.listFormatCurrency(numList)}
${#numbers.setFormatCurrency(numSet)}


/* 
 * ======================
 * Formatting percentages
 * ======================
 */

${#numbers.formatPercent(num)}
${#numbers.arrayFormatPercent(numArray)}
${#numbers.listFormatPercent(numList)}
${#numbers.setFormatPercent(numSet)}

/* 
 * Set minimum integer digits and (exact) decimal digits.
 */
${#numbers.formatPercent(num, 3, 2)}
${#numbers.arrayFormatPercent(numArray, 3, 2)}
${#numbers.listFormatPercent(numList, 3, 2)}
${#numbers.setFormatPercent(numSet, 3, 2)}


/*
 * ===============
 * Utility methods
 * ===============
 */

/*
 * Create a sequence (array) of integer numbers going
 * from x to y
 */
${#numbers.sequence(from,to)}
${#numbers.sequence(from,to,step)}

Strings

• #strings : utility methods for String objects:

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Strings
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Null-safe toString()
 */
${#strings.toString(obj)}                           // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Check whether a String is empty (or null). Performs a trim() operation before check
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#strings.isEmpty(name)}
${#strings.arrayIsEmpty(nameArr)}
${#strings.listIsEmpty(nameList)}
${#strings.setIsEmpty(nameSet)}

/*
 * Perform an 'isEmpty()' check on a string and return it if false, defaulting to
 * another specified string if true.
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#strings.defaultString(text,default)}
${#strings.arrayDefaultString(textArr,default)}
${#strings.listDefaultString(textList,default)}
${#strings.setDefaultString(textSet,default)}

/*
 * Check whether a fragment is contained in a String
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#strings.contains(name,'ez')}                     // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.containsIgnoreCase(name,'ez')}           // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Check whether a String starts or ends with a fragment
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#strings.startsWith(name,'Don')}                  // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.endsWith(name,endingFragment)}           // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Substring-related operations
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#strings.indexOf(name,frag)}                      // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.substring(name,3,5)}                     // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.substringAfter(name,prefix)}             // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.substringBefore(name,suffix)}            // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.replace(name,'las','ler')}               // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Append and prepend
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#strings.prepend(str,prefix)}                     // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.append(str,suffix)}                      // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Change case
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#strings.toUpperCase(name)}                       // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.toLowerCase(name)}                       // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Split and join
 */
${#strings.arrayJoin(namesArray,',')}
${#strings.listJoin(namesList,',')}
${#strings.setJoin(namesSet,',')}
${#strings.arraySplit(namesStr,',')}                // returns String[]
${#strings.listSplit(namesStr,',')}                 // returns List<String>
${#strings.setSplit(namesStr,',')}                  // returns Set<String>

/*
 * Trim
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#strings.trim(str)}                               // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Compute length
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#strings.length(str)}                             // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Abbreviate text making it have a maximum size of n. If text is bigger, it
 * will be clipped and finished in "..."
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#strings.abbreviate(str,10)}                      // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Convert the first character to upper-case (and vice-versa)
 */
${#strings.capitalize(str)}                         // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.unCapitalize(str)}                       // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Convert the first character of every word to upper-case
 */
${#strings.capitalizeWords(str)}                    // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.capitalizeWords(str,delimiters)}         // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Escape the string
 */
${#strings.escapeXml(str)}                          // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.escapeJava(str)}                         // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.escapeJavaScript(str)}                   // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.unescapeJava(str)}                       // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.unescapeJavaScript(str)}                 // also array*, list* and set*

/*
 * Null-safe comparison and concatenation
 */
${#strings.equals(first, second)}
${#strings.equalsIgnoreCase(first, second)}
${#strings.concat(values...)}
${#strings.concatReplaceNulls(nullValue, values...)}

/*
 * Random
 */
${#strings.randomAlphanumeric(count)}

Objects

• #objects : utility methods for objects in general

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Objects
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Return obj if it is not null, and default otherwise
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#objects.nullSafe(obj,default)}
${#objects.arrayNullSafe(objArray,default)}
${#objects.listNullSafe(objList,default)}
${#objects.setNullSafe(objSet,default)}

Booleans

• #bools : utility methods for boolean evaluation

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Bools
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Evaluate a condition in the same way that it would be evaluated in a th:if tag
 * (see conditional evaluation chapter afterwards).
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#bools.isTrue(obj)}
${#bools.arrayIsTrue(objArray)}
${#bools.listIsTrue(objList)}
${#bools.setIsTrue(objSet)}

/*
 * Evaluate with negation
 * Also works with arrays, lists or sets
 */
${#bools.isFalse(cond)}
${#bools.arrayIsFalse(condArray)}
${#bools.listIsFalse(condList)}
${#bools.setIsFalse(condSet)}

/*
 * Evaluate and apply AND operator
 * Receive an array, a list or a set as parameter
 */
${#bools.arrayAnd(condArray)}
${#bools.listAnd(condList)}
${#bools.setAnd(condSet)}

/*
 * Evaluate and apply OR operator
 * Receive an array, a list or a set as parameter
 */
${#bools.arrayOr(condArray)}
${#bools.listOr(condList)}
${#bools.setOr(condSet)}

Arrays

• #arrays : utility methods for arrays

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Arrays
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Converts to array, trying to infer array component class.
 * Note that if resulting array is empty, or if the elements
 * of the target object are not all of the same class,
 * this method will return Object[].
 */
${#arrays.toArray(object)}

/*
 * Convert to arrays of the specified component class.
 */
${#arrays.toStringArray(object)}
${#arrays.toIntegerArray(object)}
${#arrays.toLongArray(object)}
${#arrays.toDoubleArray(object)}
${#arrays.toFloatArray(object)}
${#arrays.toBooleanArray(object)}

/*
 * Compute length
 */
${#arrays.length(array)}

/*
 * Check whether array is empty
 */
${#arrays.isEmpty(array)}

/*
 * Check if element or elements are contained in array
 */
${#arrays.contains(array, element)}
${#arrays.containsAll(array, elements)}

Lists

• #lists : utility methods for lists

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Lists
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Converts to list
 */
${#lists.toList(object)}

/*
 * Compute size
 */
${#lists.size(list)}

/*
 * Check whether list is empty
 */
${#lists.isEmpty(list)}

/*
 * Check if element or elements are contained in list
 */
${#lists.contains(list, element)}
${#lists.containsAll(list, elements)}

/*
 * Sort a copy of the given list. The members of the list must implement
 * comparable or you must define a comparator.
 */
${#lists.sort(list)}
${#lists.sort(list, comparator)}

Sets

• #sets : utility methods for sets

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Sets
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Converts to set
 */
${#sets.toSet(object)}

/*
 * Compute size
 */
${#sets.size(set)}

/*
 * Check whether set is empty
 */
${#sets.isEmpty(set)}

/*
 * Check if element or elements are contained in set
 */
${#sets.contains(set, element)}
${#sets.containsAll(set, elements)}

Maps

• #maps : utility methods for maps

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Maps
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Compute size
 */
${#maps.size(map)}

/*
 * Check whether map is empty
 */
${#maps.isEmpty(map)}

/*
 * Check if key/s or value/s are contained in maps
 */
${#maps.containsKey(map, key)}
${#maps.containsAllKeys(map, keys)}
${#maps.containsValue(map, value)}
${#maps.containsAllValues(map, value)}

Aggregates

• #aggregates : utility methods for creating aggregates on arrays or collections

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Aggregates
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Compute sum. Returns null if array or collection is empty
 */
${#aggregates.sum(array)}
${#aggregates.sum(collection)}

/*
 * Compute average. Returns null if array or collection is empty
 */
${#aggregates.avg(array)}
${#aggregates.avg(collection)}

IDs

• #ids : utility methods for dealing with id attributes that might be repeated (for example, as a result of an iteration).

/*
 * ======================================================================
 * See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Ids
 * ======================================================================
 */

/*
 * Normally used in th:id attributes, for appending a counter to the id attribute value
 * so that it remains unique even when involved in an iteration process.
 */
${#ids.seq('someId')}

/*
 * Normally used in th:for attributes in <label> tags, so that these labels can refer to Ids
 * generated by means if the #ids.seq(...) function.
 *
 * Depending on whether the <label> goes before or after the element with the #ids.seq(...)
 * function, the "next" (label goes before "seq") or the "prev" function (label goes after 
 * "seq") function should be called.
 */
${#ids.next('someId')}
${#ids.prev('someId')}

Multivalued class matching

Markup Selectors understand the class attribute to be multivalued, and therefore allow the application of selectors on this attribute even if the element has several class values.

For example, div.two will match <div class="one two three" />